Questions 11—15
Educators have known for 30 years that students perform better when given one-on-one tutoring and mastery learning — working on a subject until it is mastered, not just until a test is scheduled. Success also requires motivation, whether from an inner drive or from parents, mentors or peers.
Will the rise of massive open online courses (MOOCs) quash these success factors? Not at all. In fact, digital tools offer our best path to cost-effective, personalized learning. I know because I have taught both ways. For years Sebastian Thrun and I have given artificial-intelligence courses at Stanford University and other schools; we lectured, assigned homework and gave everyone the same exam at the same time. Each semester just 5 to 10 percent of students regularly engaged in deep discussions in class or office hours; the rest were more passive. We felt there had to be a better way.
So, in the fall of 2011, we tried something new. In addition to our traditional classroom, we created a free online course open to anyone. On our first try, we attracted a city’s worth of participants — about 100,000 engaged with the course, and 23,000 finished.
Inspired by Nobel laureate Herbert Simon’s comment that “l(fā)earning results from what the student does and thinks and only from what the student does and thinks,” we created a course centered on the students doing things and getting frequent feedback. Our “l(fā)ectures” were short (two- to six-minute) videos designed to prime the attendees for doing the next exercise. Some problems required the application of mathematical techniques described in the videos. Others were open-ended questions that gave students a chance to think on their own and then to hash out ideas in online discussion forums.
Our scheme to help make learning happen actively, rather than passively, created many benefits akin to tutoring — and helped to increase motivation. First, as shown in a 2013 study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, frequent interactions keep attention from wandering. Second, as William B. Wood and Kimberly D. Tanner describe in a 2012 Life Sciences Education paper, learning is enhanced when students work to construct their own explanations, rather than passively listening to the teacher’s. That is why a properly designed automated intelligent tutoring system can foster learning outcomes as well as human instructors can, as Kurt van Lehn found in a 2011 meta-analysis in Educational Psychologist.
A final key advantage was the rapid improvement of the course itself. We analyzed the junctures where our thousands of students succeeded or failed and found where our course needed fine-tuning. Better still, we could capture this information on an hour-by-hour basis. For our class, human teachers analyzed the data, but an artificial-intelligence system could perform this function and then make recommendations for what a pupil could try next to improve — as online shopping sites today make automated recommendations for what book or movie you might enjoy. Online learning is a tool, just as the textbook is a tool. The way the teacher and the student use the tool is what really counts.
11. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Different sources of motivation for students’ success.
(B) Effective one-on-one tutoring and mastery learning.
(C) Personalized massive open online courses for students.
(D) Considerable improvement of the college courses.
12. The word “quash” ( para. 2) is closest in meaning to ______.
(A) intensify
(B) inspire
(C) cancel
(D) discount
13. When the author and his colleague offered their first online course ______.
(A) it attracted about 100,000 city residents to study
(B) it created a climate of passivity for introverted students
(C) it was designed for both students and working adults
(D) it was attended by a great number of students
14. The “l(fā)ectures” in the MOOCs are meant for the students to ______.
(A) do and think actively on their own
(B) make up for what they miss in classrooms
(C) get frequent feedback from mentors and peers
(D) focus on what they need most
15. One way online courses are similar to online shopping sites is that ______.
(A) they make recommendations for what users do next
(B) they function automatically for thousands of young students
(C) they are a boon to computer-savvy students and shoppers
(D) they update their contents on an hour-by-hour basis
【參考答案】11.C 12.C 13.D 14.A 15.A
