Questions 61 — 70 are based on the following passage.

　　Every group has a culture, however uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist, there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.

　　People once thought of the languages of backward groups as undeveloped. While it if possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex. They differ from Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this aspect, two things are to be noted. First, all languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. Second, the objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in “backward” languages, while different from the West, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (“this” and “that”). But some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.

　　61. Every group of human beings has ____.

　　its own set of ideas, beliefs and ways of life

　　an extremely complex and delicate language

　　its own elegant music, literature, and other arts

　　the process of growing crops or raising animals

　　62. To the professional linguists, ____.

　　there is no intrinsic superiority of cultures

　　there is no intrinsic hierarchy of languages

　　all languages came from grunts and groans

　　all languages are most severe and standard

　　63. Most languages of uncivilized groups are ____.

　　A. adequate B. numerous C. ingenious D. ingenuous

　　64. “Backward” languages fall behind Western languages in ____.

　　A. ways to transfer ideas B. forms to satisfy needs

　　C. abilities to answer description D. systems to expand vocabulary

　　65. All languages, whether civilized or not, have their own ____.

　　A. ways to transfer ideas B. forms to satisfy needs

　　C. abilities to answer description D. systems to expand vocabulary

　　66. Which of the following statements is implied in the passage?

　　Anthropologists have nothing to do with linguists.

　　Linguists have nothing to do with anthropologists.

　　The study of languages casts light upon the study of cultures.

　　The study of cultures casts no light upon the study of languages.

　　67. It is implied that all cultures have to be viewed ____.

　　A. profoundly B. intrinsically C. independently D. professionally

　　68. According to this passage, to learn a foreign language would require one to ____.

　　A. do more activities B. learn about a new culture

　　C. meet more people D. need more names

　　69. The author’s attitude shown in this passage toward “backward” languages is ____.

　　A. restrained B. subjective C. objective D. resolute

　　70. This passage is on the whole ____.

　　A. narrative B. instructive C. prescriptive D. argumentative

　　Questions 71 — 80 are based on the following passage.

　　The field of medicine has always attracted its share of quacks and charlatans — disreputable women and men with little or no medical knowledge who promise quick cures at cheap prices. The reasons why quackery thrives even in modern times are easy to find.

　　To begin with, pain seems to be a chronic human condition. A person whose body or mind “hurts” will often pay any amount of money for the promise of relief. Second, even the best medical treatment cannot cure all the ills that beset men and women. People who mistrust or dislike the truths that their physicians tell them often turn to more sympathetic ears.

　　Many people lack the training necessary to evaluate medical claims. Given the choice between (a) a reputable physician who says a cure for cancer will be long, expensive and may not work at all, and (b) a salesperson who says that several bottles of a secret formula “snake oil” will cure not only cancer but tuberculosis as well, some individuals will opt for “snake oil”.

　　Many “snake oil” remedies are highly laced with alcohol or narcotic drugs. Anyone who drinks them may get so drunk or stoned that they drown their pains in the rising tide of pleasant intoxication. Little wonder that “snake oil” is a popular cure-all for minor aches and hurts! But let there be no misunderstandings. A very few “home remedies” actually work. However, most remedies sold by quacks are not only useless, but often can be harmful as well.

　　71. In this passage, a quack or a charlatan is someone who ____.

　　A. has a special ability B. has little knowledge

　　C. is not a good doctor D. pretends to be a doctor

　　72. The sentence “pain seems to be a chronic human condition” means pain seems to ____.

　　A. be very serious B. be very difficult

　　C. last for a long time D. be always happening

　　73. Quackery thrives even in modern times because ____.

　　patients pay any amount of money

　　patients do not like their physicians

　　quacks say that they can help patients

　　best medical treatment costs very much

　　74. People who seek the advice of quacks and charlatans are those who ____.

　　A. are poorly educated B. are highly educated

　　C. dislike medical treatments D. mistrust physicians’ truths

　　75. To evaluate medical claims, one must ____.

　　A. turn to reputable doctors B. make an adequate choice

　　C. have the necessary training D.. disbelieve promise of relief

　　76. According to the author, a very few home remedies are ____.

　　A. useless B. harmful C. pleasant D. effective

　　77. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

　　A. Quacks are really sympathetic. B. “Snake oil” does not work.

　　C. Doctors cannot cure all ills. D. Patients are often impatient.

　　78. Many individuals opt for “snake oil” because they ____.

　　A. are misled by a secret formula B. cannot afford a treatment

　　C. lack medical knowledge D. do not trust physicians

　　79. “Snake oil” is a popular cure-all for minor aches and hurts because it has ____.

　　A. actually worked B. some fruit stones

　　C. been misunderstood D. alcohol or narcotic drugs

　　80. Which of the following would be the best title of this passage?

　　A. Distrust of Physicians B. Medical Treatment

　　C. Snake Oil Remedies D. Guard Against Quackery