介詞、連詞
一. 介詞
1. 介詞概述:介詞表示它與后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。介詞是虛詞,不能單獨做句子成分。介詞在英語中用法很活,也無一定規(guī)律可循。在初中范圍內(nèi)還應(yīng)學(xué)一個記住一個,特別是那些和動詞的特殊搭配。
2. 常用介詞的意義和用法。
、 時間或地點介詞in、on、at的用法區(qū)別:
表示時間時, in表示在一段時間里(在將來時句子中則表示在一段時間之后), on表示在具體的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某個時刻或者瞬間;
表示地點時, in表示在某個范圍之內(nèi), on表示在某個平面上或與一個面相接觸,at則表示在某個具體的場所或地點。如:
He was born on the night of May 10th.
I usually get up at 7:00 in the morning.
His glasses are on the desk.
My brother is at the bus stop.
、 after與in表示時間的用法區(qū)別:“after+(具體時刻/從句)”表示“在…時刻之后”常用于一般過去時態(tài);“in+(一段時間)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于將來時態(tài)。如:
He said that he would come back after 6:00.
My father is coming back from Astralia in about a month.
、 since與for表示時間的用法區(qū)別:“since+(具體時刻/that-從句)”表示“自從…起一直到現(xiàn)在”,“for +(一段時間)”表示“持續(xù)一段時間”,都常用于完成時態(tài);如:
My father has worked in this factory since 1970.
My father has worked in this factory for over 30 years.
、 by、in與with表示方式的用法區(qū)別:都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某個交通工具或“以……方式”,在被動句中可以表示動作的執(zhí)行者;in表示“使用”某種語言/文字,with表示“使用”某個具體的工具、手段。如:
We write with our hands and walk with our feet.
Please speak in English.
Let’s go to the zoo by bus.
It was invented by Adison.
⑸ about與on的用法區(qū)別:都可以表示“有關(guān)…”,但是about的意義比較廣,而on主要表示“有關(guān)…(專題/課程)”。如:
Tom is going to give a speech on the history of China.
They are talking about the English test.
⑹ through與across、over的用法區(qū)別: through指“穿過…(門洞/人群/樹林)”; across和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互換,但是表示“翻過…”時只能用over. 如:
Just then a kangaroo (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那時一只袋鼠跑過路面)
There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座橋)
They climbed over the mountain and arrived there (他們翻過大山到達了那里)/
The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(參觀者們穿過一個大門來到另一個公園)
(7)as與like的區(qū)別:兩個詞都表示“像……”,但是as譯為“作為……”,表示的是職業(yè)、職務(wù)、作用等事實,而like譯為“像……一樣”,表示外表,不是事實。如:
Let me speak to you as a teacher.(我以老師的身份和你講話。)
Let me speak to you like a teacher.(讓我像一位老師一樣和你講話)
(8)in front of 與in the front of:in front of“在…的前面”, 與in the front of“在…的前部”。如:
A group of people was standing in front of the hall.
In the front of the hall stood a group of people.
(12)except與besides的區(qū)別:except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含;而besides“除了”則表示包含,即“不僅……又……”。如:
Everyone went to the park except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了公園)(Tom沒有去公園)/
Besides maths he also studied many other subjects.(除了數(shù)學(xué)之外,他還學(xué)其他許多功課)(“數(shù)學(xué)”也是他學(xué)的功課之一)
連詞
1.連詞概述:連詞是一種虛詞,用于連接單詞,短語或句子,但不單獨做句子成分。按照連詞的性質(zhì),可將連詞分為并列連詞和從屬連詞。并列連詞如:and,but,or,for等,它們即可連接單詞,短語,又可連接句子。從屬連詞如:when,before ,because等,它們主要引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。
2.常見連詞的用法:
1)并列連詞 的用法: 并列連詞有:and, but, or, nor, so, for yet, however, as well as, both...and, not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor, still,
And: 連接單詞短語句子 。如:Tom and I study in the same school.
But, or :I have a pen but no pencil. / Would you like coffee or tea?
Nothing but除了,只有: I did nothing but watch it.
Or表示否則:如: Hurry up or you will miss the train.
for 表示后面的句子是原因。如: He is good at piano for he practices harder than others.
Not only…but also 不僅…而且?刹⒘兄、謂、賓、表及句子。主語并列時,謂語要就近一致。如: Not only he but also I am a nurse.