Most people work to earn a living and they

　　produce goods and services. Goods are either

　　agricultural (like maize) or manufactured (like

　　cars). Services are such things like education, 1._________

　　medicine, and commerce. These people provide 2.__________

　　goods; some provide services. Other people provide

　　both goods or services. For example, in the same 3.__________

　　garage a man may buy a car or some service which

　　helps him maintain his car.

　　The work people do is called as economic 4.__________

　　activity. All economic activities taken together make

　　up the economic system of a town, a city, a country,

　　or the world. Such economic system is the sum-total 5.__________

　　of what people do and what they want. The work

　　people do either provides what they need or provides

　　the money with that they can buy essential 6.__________

　　commodities. Of course, most people hope to have

　　enough money to buy commodities and services which

　　are essential but which provide some particular 7. __________

　　personal satisfaction, such as toys for children, visits 8. __________

　　the cinema, and books.

　　The science of economics is basic upon the facts 9. __________

　　of our everyday lives. Economists cet4v.com

　　lives and the general life of our communities in order

　　to understand the whole economic system of which we

　　are a part. They try to describe the facts of the

　　economy in which we live, and to explain how it

　　works. The economist methods should of course be 10. __________

　　strictly objective and scientific.

　　1. like → as

　　2. Those → Some

　　3. or → and

　　4. called as→ call

　　5. Such → Such an

　　6. that → which

　　7. essential → nonessential or +not

　　8. visits → visits to

　　9. basic → based

　　10. economist → economist's In 1749, Benjamin Franklin wrote “Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania”. This article served as a basis for the academy that he founded. The academy was a private secondary school, which offered a practical curriculum that included a variety of subjects and useful skills. English grammar, classic, composition, rhetoric(修辭學(xué)), and public speaking were to be the chief language studies rather than Latin and Greek. Students could also choose a second language based on their vocational

　　interests. For example, prospective clergyman might study Latin and Greek; physicians could choose Latin, Greek, and French; cet4v.com elect French, German, and Spanish. Mathematics was to be taught for its practical application to book-keeping rather than as an abstract intellectual exercise. History would be the chief ethical(倫理的) study. By studying biographies of great men, students were to learn moral and ethical principles. Franklin’s curricular proposal was especially noteworthy because it brought many practical skills into the formal school that so far had been ignored. They included carpentry, ship-building, engraving, printing, painting, cabinetmaking, farming, and carving. With a prophetic(先知的) insight into the course of civilization and education, Franklin suggested that special attention be

　　given to science, invention, and technology.

　　By the mid-nineteenth century, there were cet4v.com functioning throughout the nation, especially at the secondary level. These academies offered a wide variety of curricula and courses, ranging from traditional Latin and Greek to very practical and utilitarian(實用的) studies. The late nineteenth and twentieth centuries saw the emergence of high school and the junior high or middle school, which

　　incorporated utilitarianism, vocationalism, and commercialism, such as Franklin had recommended in his

　　proposals of the mid-eighteenth century.

　　Questions:

　　1. Why did Franklin write “Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania”?

　　________________________________________________________

　　2. What did the chief language studies exclude?

　　_______________________________________________________

　　3. What was the main purpose of the ethical study?

　　_______________________________________________________

　　4. Which word in the first paragraph could be used to describe the curriculum offered at the academy?

　　_______________________________________________________

　　5. What did the formal school overlook?

　　_______________________________________________________