2017年catti中級筆譯考試模擬試題：工業(yè)設計
【英譯漢】
Industrial Design
The industrial design is the art and science involved in the creation of machine-made products by large-scale industry for mass distribution'. It is concerned with aesthetic appearance, especially in consumer goods, as well as with functional efficiency.
The term industrial design was originated in 1919 by the American industrial designer Joseph Sinel (1887-1975). Initially, industrial designers dealt exclusively with machine-made consumer products. Eventually, however, the scope of the profession2 enlarged to include the design of capital goods, such as farm machinery, industrial tools and transportation equipment, and the planning of exhibitions, commercial buildings and packaging3.
Under prevailing standards of design, a product should have beauty of line, color, proportion, and texture; high efficiency and safety of operation; convenience or comfort in use; ease of maintenance and repair; durability; and expression of function in terms of form. The relative importance4 ofany of these standards may vary depending on the object. Thus, line and proportion may be more desirable in a sofa than in a tractor, where durability and easy maintenance may be paramount5. A consideration basic to all good design is the factor of realistic cost. Thus, effective industrial design requires, besides artistic ability, combined knowledge of engineering principles and materials, production techniques and cost, and marketing conditions.
The industrial designer must be concerned not only with product design but with the conditions under which products are sold. In planning retail stores and display areas, for example, the industrial designer works with the architect to increase the revenue-producing interior space and to create arrangements and atmosphere conducive to sales. Industrial designers also work to facilitate the profitable operation6 ofrailroad stations, airports, hotels, shopping centers, exhibitions, restaurants, public auditoriums, television stations, and offices.
Every design problem requires special procedures, timing, and techniques, but there is a general routine applicable to all7. After the industrial designer is informed of the needs of the client - including data on the intended market for the product, budget allocation, and company policy and equipment - specialists associated with the designer conduct a study of competitive products and an extensive field survey of the manufacturer's plant. A design program is planned, and preliminary designs of the proposed product are then sketched on the basis of the available plant facilities. Rough sketches are chosen for further refinement and study, and the client is then presented with design studies8, often in the form of a small model or of a mock-up. Following the selection of the approved design, working drawings indicating the choice of materials and the specifications for finishing and assembly are prepared. A handmade working model is then manufactured and submitted to the client for approval. In the case of an automobile, for example, one or several are handmade and tested at proving grounds before final machine dies are ordered and production begins. 9
The industrial designer is essentially the creator of a pattern to guide the operations of skilled persons or machines. The development of industrial design leads to the creation of new procedures in order that the modifications in the design may be molded directly from the old products. Another industrial-design method is based on the fact that small models do not reflect accurately the design characteristics of the full-scale product. Distortion often occurs in magnification as a result of highlights and shadows that change basic spatial relationships. 10 To view the design in full scale, the profession employs a photographic system in which a small drawing is projected to full scale on a section of a wall. Revisions of the design are then made directly on the wall projection by the industrial designers.
A common concern of the profession is how to adapt new technology, with its benefits and hazards, to human needs. In a fast-growing world economy11 industrial design is also challenged to find ways of influencing purchasing based on considerations other than necessity of replacement of a product due to normal wear and tear. One trend, which is inherent in the field of fashion where frequency of buying is determined by frequency of change in taste, is known as artificially accelerated obsolescence. This trend became more prevalent, despite strong criticism, and has been seen in other lines of products such as automobiles and large home appliances. Nevertheless, it is found justifiable for disposable products in the health and hygiene industry.
【參考譯文】
工業(yè)設計
工業(yè)設計是指大型企業(yè)在創(chuàng)造用于大規(guī)模銷售的機器制造產(chǎn)品的過程中所涉及的藝術和科學。它既涉及審美外觀，特別是生活消費品的外觀，也涉及功能效率。
工業(yè)設計一詞是美國工業(yè)設計師約瑟夫·西奈爾(1887-1975)于1919年首次提出的。
最初，工業(yè)設計師只設計機器制造的生活消費品，但是到了后來，工業(yè)設計的對象擴展到其他領域，包括生產(chǎn)資料，如農(nóng)場機械、工業(yè)用具和交通設備的設計，以及展會、商業(yè)建筑和商品包裝的規(guī)劃。
根據(jù)流行的設計標準，一件產(chǎn)品應該具有優(yōu)美的線條、色彩、比例和質(zhì)地，效率高，操作安全，使用方便或舒適，維修簡便，耐用性好，其形式能夠體現(xiàn)其功能。這些標準孰輕孰重取決于產(chǎn)品本身。因此，設計沙發(fā)時可能更追求線條和比例，而設計拖拉機時，或許耐用性和保養(yǎng)方便才是最重要的。就所有好的設計而言，一個基本的考慮就是實際成本。因此，要進行有效的工業(yè)設計，設計師除了要有藝術才能，還要具備工程原理和材料、生產(chǎn)技術和成本、以及營銷條件方面的知識。
工業(yè)設計師不僅要考慮產(chǎn)品的設計，還必須考慮產(chǎn)品的銷售環(huán)境。例如，在規(guī)劃零售商店和展區(qū)時，工業(yè)設計師與建筑師攜手合作，拓展能產(chǎn)生收益的室內(nèi)空間，創(chuàng)造有利于銷售的布局和氛圍。此外，工業(yè)設計師還致力于推動火車站、機場、賓館、購物中心、展會、餐廳、公共禮堂、電視臺、辦公室實現(xiàn)盈利運作。
解決每一個設計問題都需要特殊的步驟、時間安排和技術。不過，有一套放之四海而皆準的常規(guī)。首先，工業(yè)設計師必須了解客戶的需求，其中包括產(chǎn)品的目標市場、預算分配、公司政策和設備等相關數(shù)據(jù)。按著，與設計師合作的專家們要對競爭產(chǎn)品進行研究，并且對生產(chǎn)商的工廠展開廣泛的實地調(diào)查。然后，設計師根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的工廠設備制定設計方案，并繪制出產(chǎn)品的初步設計草圖。接下來，要對草圖進行篩選，作進一步的改進和研究，然后向客戶提交設計初稿，初稿通常采取微縮模型或?qū)嶓w模型的形式。當客戶選出滿意的設計后，就繪制施工圖，圖紙上要標注產(chǎn)品所使用的材料以及加工和裝配的技術說明。接著，是用手工制作出工作模型供客戶確認。例如，在汽車設計中，要用手工制作一臺或數(shù)臺汽車工作模型，并在試車場上進行測試，之后才會定制最終的機器沖模，投入生產(chǎn)。
就本質(zhì)而言，工業(yè)設計師的工作是創(chuàng)造出一種模式，用來指導技術人員的工作或機器設備的運轉(zhuǎn)。工業(yè)設計的發(fā)展催生了各種新的工序，以便能夠直接對老產(chǎn)品進行設計改良。事實上，微縮模型無法準確地反映實比產(chǎn)品的設計特點，因為模型一經(jīng)放大，高光部分和陰影部分就會改變基本空間關系，從而導致變形�；谶@種情況，另一種工業(yè)設計方法應運而生。設計師采用某種攝影系統(tǒng)將小圖投射到墻面上，形成實際影像，以便查看實比設計圖樣，并且直接在投影上對設計進行修改。
工業(yè)設計行業(yè)共同關注的一個問題是如何應對新技術的種種利弊.將之服務于人類的需求。在世界經(jīng)濟高速增長的情況下，工業(yè)設計又面臨新的挑戰(zhàn)，即要在由正常損耗引起的產(chǎn)品更替需求之外，讓消費者出于別的需求購買產(chǎn)品。時尚領域的購物頻率取決于審美趣味的變化頻率，因此時尚界的固有趨勢就是大家所說的“人為加速的過時”。這種趨勢雖然備受批評，但卻愈演愈烈，已經(jīng)蔓延到了汽車和大型家電等其他產(chǎn)品領域。然而，對于衛(wèi)生保健產(chǎn)業(yè)中的一次性產(chǎn)品來說，這種做法卻是無可非議的。
