這項(xiàng)研究首次將空氣污染對(duì)人類健康的全球影響與世界范圍內(nèi)的其他風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行了比較。

　　“我們對(duì)不同全球風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的比較表明，環(huán)境空氣污染是導(dǎo)致過(guò)早死亡和預(yù)期壽命縮短的主要原因，尤其是心血管疾病，”美因茨大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心心臟病學(xué)中心主任、該論文的合著者(Thomas Munzel)說(shuō)。

　　Relationship between pollution and disease

　　污染與疾病之間的關(guān)系

　　The scientists examined the connection between exposure to pollutants and the occurrence of diseases.In order to calculate the worldwide exposure to pollutants,which primarily include fine particles and ozone,the researchers used an atmospheric chemical mode.They then combined the exposure data with the Global Exposure--Mortality Model that derives from many epidemiological cohort studies.Using these tools and data,scientists investigated the effects of different pollution sources,distinguishing between natural(wildfires,aeolian dust)and anthropogenic emissions,including fossil fuel use.Based on their results they could estimate the disease-specific excess mortality and loss of life expectancy in all countries world-wide.

　　科學(xué)家們研究了接觸污染物與疾病發(fā)生之間的聯(lián)系。為了計(jì)算世界范圍內(nèi)的污染物暴露，主要包括細(xì)顆粒物和臭氧，研究人員使用了大氣化學(xué)模式。然后，他們將接觸數(shù)據(jù)與許多流行病學(xué)隊(duì)列研究得出的全球接觸死亡率模型結(jié)合起來(lái)。利用這些工具和數(shù)據(jù)，科學(xué)家調(diào)查了不同污染源的影響，區(qū)分了自然(野火、風(fēng)沙)和人為排放，包括化石燃料的使用。根據(jù)他們的研究結(jié)果，他們可以估計(jì)出全世界所有國(guó)家的疾病特定的超額死亡率和預(yù)期壽命損失。

　　The study results show that the mortality caused by ambient air pollution is highest in East Asia(35 percent)and South Asia(32 percent),followed by Africa(11 percent),Europe(9 percent)and North-and South America(6 percent).Lowest mortality rates are found in Australia(1,5 percent)associated with the strictest air quality standards of all countries."We understand more and more that fine particles primarily favor vascular damage and thus diseases such as heart attack,stroke,cardiac arrhythmia and heart failure.It is of outmost importance that air pollution is adopted as a cardiovascular risk factor and that it is distinctly mentioned in the ESC/AHA guidelines of prevention,acute and coronary syndromes and heart failure,"continued Münzel.

　　研究結(jié)果表明，環(huán)境空氣污染導(dǎo)致的死亡率最高的是東亞(35%)和南亞(32%)，其次是非洲(11%)、歐洲(9%)和南北美洲(6%)。死亡率最低的是澳大利亞(1.5%)，那里的空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是所有國(guó)家中最嚴(yán)格的�！拔覀�?cè)絹?lái)越多地了解到，細(xì)顆粒物主要有利于血管損傷，從而導(dǎo)致心臟病、中風(fēng)、心律失常和心力衰竭等疾病。最重要的是將空氣污染作為心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素，并在ESC/AHA預(yù)防、急性和冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征和心力衰竭的指南中明確提及，”Munzel繼續(xù)說(shuō)。

　　Avoidable deaths

　　可避免的死亡

　　According to the findings of the study,almost two thirds of the deaths caused by air pollution,namely around 5.5 million a year are avoidable,and the majority of polluted air comes from the use of fossil fuels.The researchers estimate that the average life expectancy world-wide would increase by more than a year if the emissions from the use of fossil fuels were eliminated.

　　根據(jù)這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果，幾乎三分之二的由空氣污染造成的死亡是可以避免的，即每年約有550萬(wàn)人死亡，而大部分被污染的空氣來(lái)自使用化石燃料。研究人員估計(jì)，如果消除化石燃料的排放，全世界的平均預(yù)期壽命將增加一年以上。

　　The team from the University Medical Center Mainz and Max Planck Institute for Chemistry published a similar paper last year focusing on the consequences of air pollution in Europe.According to the earlier study,nearly 800,000 Europeans die prematurely every year due to illnesses caused by air pollution.Polluted air shortens the lifespan of Europeans by more than two years.

　　來(lái)自美因茨大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心和馬克斯·普朗克化學(xué)研究所的研究小組去年發(fā)表了一篇類似的論文，關(guān)注歐洲空氣污染的后果。根據(jù)早期的研究，每年有近80萬(wàn)歐洲人因空氣污染導(dǎo)致的疾病而過(guò)早死亡。被污染的空氣使歐洲人的壽命縮短了兩年多。