塔夫茨大學(xué)(Tufts University)美國農(nóng)業(yè)部營養(yǎng)中心(USDA Nutrition Center)

　　骨骼新陳代謝實(shí)驗(yàn)室(Bone Metabolism Laboratory)主任說，“對無法或沒能通過飲食攝取更多鈣的人來說，用營養(yǎng)片劑來補(bǔ)鈣比缺鈣要好。”

　　Consuming too little calcium can contribute to osteoporosis,a thinning of the bones that causes more than 2 million fractures a year.Once osteoporosis sets in,taking extra calcium and vitamin D won't prevent fractures.But not getting enough of the nutrients can make bone loss worse.

　　攝入鈣量過少會(huì)引起骨質(zhì)疏松，骨質(zhì)疏松癥導(dǎo)致每年逾200萬例骨折事件發(fā)生。一旦得了骨質(zhì)疏松癥，即使攝入額外的鈣和維生素D也無助于防范骨折。但如果這些營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)攝入不足的話，骨耗損會(huì)加重。

　　On the other hand,it is easy to consume more than the 2,000 mg a day that the IOM considers the safe upper limit for adults.'A number of health-care providers say,'Oh,the requirement is 1,200 mg daily,so take 1,200 mg in supplements,'regardless of what the patient is consuming in food,'says Dr.Dawson-Hughes.'If you have a bowl of Total in the morning and a yogurt and a glass of milk for lunch,you can get to 2,000 mg easily.'Multivitamins also contain calcium in widely varying amounts.Chewable chocolate,caramel and gummy-bear varieties have made calcium supplements as appealing as candy.

　　從另一方面來說，人一天的鈣攝入量很容易超出2,000毫克(被藥學(xué)研究所視為成年人的安全上限)。博士說，“許多醫(yī)療服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)會(huì)說，‘哦，一天必須攝入1,200毫克鈣，所以要服用1,200毫克補(bǔ)充劑，’他們不管患者吃的是什么樣的飲食。如果你早晨喝一碗Total牌谷物片，中餐喝一盒酸奶和一杯牛奶的話，很容易就能攝入2,000毫克鈣�！睆�(fù)合維生素片中也或多或少地含有鈣。鈣補(bǔ)充劑能制成可以嚼著吃的巧克力、太妃糖和小熊糖等品種，像糖果一樣吸引人。

　　任何人體無法吸收的維生素或者礦物質(zhì)都會(huì)被排泄出去

　　In general,any vitamins or minerals the body can't absorb are simply excreted.But studies linking calcium supplements to heart attack and kidney stones have made experts more wary of excess calcium than before.

　　總體而言，任何人體無法吸收的維生素或者礦物質(zhì)都會(huì)被排泄出去。但由于研究發(fā)現(xiàn)鈣補(bǔ)充劑與心臟病和腎結(jié)石存在關(guān)聯(lián)，專家們對過量攝入鈣這一問題比從前更加警惕。

　　In a 2006 report from the Women's Health Initiative,a large government study,women who took 1,000 mg of calcium daily had 17%more kidney stones than those who got a placebo.But subjects were allowed to eat their usual diet,and take calcium supplements on their own,no matter what group they were in,so their total calcium intake was unknown.

　　大型政府研究項(xiàng)目“婦女健康倡議”(Women's Health Initiative)2006年的一份報(bào)告顯示，每日服用1,000毫克鈣補(bǔ)充劑的女性患腎結(jié)石的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比服用安慰劑的女性高17%。不過在此項(xiàng)研究中，兩個(gè)組別的實(shí)驗(yàn)對象都被允許按照她們的日常飲食習(xí)慣來吃東西，鈣補(bǔ)充劑也是自行服用，因此她們攝入的鈣的總量是未知的。

　　In the 12-year Nurses'Health Study of 90,000 women,those who consumed a high level of calcium in food had fewer kidney stones than those who consumed less.

　　為期12年的“護(hù)士健康研究”(Nurses'Health Study)對九萬名女性進(jìn)行了研究，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，從飲食中攝取大量鈣的女性患腎結(jié)石的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)要低于鈣攝入量較少的女性。

　　Studies linking calcium intake and heart-attack risk are similarly confusing.A study of 24,000 Germans published in the journal Heart last month,found that those who consumed about 820 mg of calcium a day had a 31%lower risk of heart attack than those who consumed much less.But those who got their calcium exclusively from supplements were more than twice as likely to have a heart attack as those who took no supplements.

　　揭示鈣攝入量與心臟病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間關(guān)聯(lián)的研究也令人感到有些困惑�！缎呐K醫(yī)學(xué)期刊》(Heart)上月刊登了一項(xiàng)針對24,000名德國人的研究，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，每日攝入約820毫克鈣的人患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比攝入量少得多的人低31%。但僅從補(bǔ)充劑中攝取鈣的人患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)則比不服用任何補(bǔ)充劑的人高出一倍以上。

　　In 2010,researchers in New Zealand analyzed 11 clinical trials involving 12,000 people,and found that those taking calcium supplements had a 30%higher risk of heart attack than those who didn't.However,the studies didn't include people taking vitamin D,which some researchers believe is protective for the heart.

　　2010年，新西蘭的研究人員對涉及12,000名試驗(yàn)對象的11項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)服用鈣補(bǔ)充劑的人患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比不服用鈣補(bǔ)充劑的人高30%。然而，相關(guān)研究未將服用維生素D的人包括在內(nèi)，一些研究人員認(rèn)為，維生素D可保護(hù)心臟。

　　鈣補(bǔ)充劑究竟是怎么導(dǎo)致心臟病呢?

　　Exactly how calcium supplements might contribute to heart attacks baffles cardiologists.'Nobody has associated the calcium in your bloodstream with calcification in your arteries,'says Nieca Goldberg,medical director of the Joan H.Tisch Center for Women's Health at New York University Langone Medical Center.Still,she says she now urges patients get their recommended calcium from food than from supplements to avoid possible problems.

　　鈣補(bǔ)充劑究竟是怎么導(dǎo)致心臟病呢?這個(gè)問題令心臟病學(xué)家疑惑不解。紐約大學(xué)朗格尼醫(yī)學(xué)中心(New York University Langone Medical Center)瓊蒂施女性健康中心(Joan H.Tisch Center for Women's Health)的醫(yī)學(xué)主任(Nieca Goldberg)說，“沒有人發(fā)現(xiàn)血液中的鈣與動(dòng)脈血管鈣化有什么聯(lián)系�！辈贿^，她說她現(xiàn)在會(huì)敦促患者通過膳食而非補(bǔ)充劑來攝取推薦量的鈣，以避免潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

　　Osteoporosis experts also urge patients not to take more than the recommended amount of calcium.'Women should definitely stop taking two big calcium supplements a day,'says Dr.Dawson-Hughes.Even if the risks remain unclear,taking more than the body can absorb doesn't benefit bones,'so it's not worth any risk--real,imaginary,uncertain,possible or probably,'she adds.

　　骨質(zhì)疏松癥專家也敦促患者不要攝取超過推薦量的鈣。道森休斯博士說，“女性肯定不應(yīng)該再一天服用兩大片鈣補(bǔ)充劑了�！奔词瓜嚓P(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)我們還不清楚，但攝入超過身體吸收能力的鈣對骨骼沒有好處，她還說，“所以不值得去冒險(xiǎn)──不管是真正的、想象的、不確定的、有一定可能的還是可能性很大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)�！�