Ⅳ. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English （10%）

31. shipping marks

32. underwriter

33. mobility

34. reimburse

35. CIF

Ⅴ. Answer the following questions in English（20%）

36. What does the term “Triad” refer to? What is meant by Quad?

37. What is the most common form of non-tariff barriers? Explain it in a few words.

38. Why is it necessary to have Incoterms?

39. What are the major factors that may influence the exchange rate?

Ⅵ. Translate the following into Chinese （15%）

40. MFN means most-favored-nation which is a tariff treatment. It is bilaterally given and provides for the lowest tariff in the tariff code. It is important to understand that the term most-favored-nation gives the impression that the tariffs involved are the lowest, it is in fact not the cast. MFN is not really special but is just normal trading status. GSP(generalized system of preferences) establishes even lower tariffs than MFN.

41. The freight system includes several distinct forms of transportation, called modes. The modes differ in terms of operating characteristics and capabilities, giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages. Each mode enjoys what might be called natural product provinces.

Ⅶ. Translate the following into English（25%）

42. 要么因?yàn)樾庞米C金額過大，要么因?yàn)閷?duì)開證行不完全信任，出口商有時(shí)可能需要保兌的信用證。

43. 盡管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨國企業(yè)的子公司，但重要決策，如有關(guān)公司目標(biāo)和新投資等都由母公司來決定。

44. 國際貿(mào)易最初以商品貿(mào)易的形式出現(xiàn)，即在一國生產(chǎn)或制造商品而出口或進(jìn)口到另一國進(jìn)行消費(fèi)或轉(zhuǎn)售。

45. 盡管有很多好處，反向貿(mào)易可能是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大的事。

46. 在經(jīng)歷了15年漫長、艱苦的談判之后，中國終于在2001年12月11日成為了世界貿(mào)易組織的正式成員。