I. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×5=15%)

　　1.duality

　　2. root

　　3. reference

　　4. hyponymy

　　5. perlocutionary act

　�、�. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×15=30%)

　　( )1. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people

　　actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,

　　it is said to be ___________.

　　A、 prescriptive B、 sociolinguistic

　　C、 descriptive D、 psycholinguistic

　　( )2. In English, “pill” and “bill” are ___________.

　　A. a phonemic contrast B. complementary distribution

　　C. assimilation D a minimal pair

　　( )3. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is___________phonetics.

　　A. auditory B. acoustic

　　C. articulatory D. none of the above three

　　( )4. What the element ‘-es’ indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element ‘-ed’ past tense, and ‘-ing’ progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also___________.

　　A. phonemes B. morphemes

　　C. allophones D. phones

　　( )5 .In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ___________.

　　A. palatal B. alveolar

　　C. bilabial D. dental

　　( )6.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is ___________.

　　A. arbitrary B.non-arbitrary

　　C. logical D.non-productive

　　( )7.The pair of words “l(fā)end”and “borrow”are ___________

　　A.gradable antonyms B.converse antonyms

　　C.co-hyponyms D.synonyms

　　( )8.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?”is ___________

　　A.informative B.phatic C.directive D.performative

　　( )9.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as___________.

　　A.+animate,+male,+human, +adult B.+animate,+male,+human,-adult

　　C.+animate,-male,+human,-adult D.+animate,-male,+human,+adult

　　( )10.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week."obviously violates the maxim of ___________.

　　A.quality B.quantity C.relation D.manner

　　( )11. The sentence “The baby smiled.” is a___________.

　　A. two-place predication B. three-place predication

　　C. no-place predication D. one-place predication

　　( )12. “John killed Bill but Bill didn’t die” is a (n) ___________.

　　A. entailment B. presupposition

　　C. anomaly D. contradiction

　　( )13. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.

　　A. reference B. speech act

　　C. context D. practical usage

　　( )14. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.

　　A. pragmatic B. grammatical

　　C. mental D. conceptual

　　( )15. The sentence structure is _________.

　　A. only linear B. only hierarchical

　　C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical

　�、�. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%×10=20%)

　　( )1. In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given

　　more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.

　　( )2. The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This

　　indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.

　　( )3. Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated

　　and the hearer knows that it is being violated, do conversational implicatures arise.

　　( )4. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.

　　( )5.The word “photographically” is made up of 5morphemes.

　　( )6. A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that

　　phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is

　　more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.

　　( )7. The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.

　　( )8.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture”, and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.” belong to the same syntactic category.

　　( )9. “It is raining hard” is a one-place predication sentence.

　　( )10. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word cannot be dissected into meaning components, called semantic feature.

　　Ⅳ. Answer the following questions. (35%)

　　1. Give the description of the following sound segments in English. (5%)

　　[k]

　　[z]

　　[w]

　　[u:]

　　[i]

　　2. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? (5%)

　　3. According to the ways antonyms differ, how many groups can we classify antonyms into? Illustrate them with examples. (5%)

　　4. Paraphrase the sentence “The boy saw the man with the telescope.” by drawing the constituent structure trees for each possible interpretation. (10%)

　　5. What are the four maxims of the CP? Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:

　　A: Where’ve you been?

　　B: Out.