1.一般的特殊變化
man—men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet,child—children, mouse—mice,
2.單復(fù)數(shù)相同
sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese,
【注】fish如表示不同種類的魚時復(fù)數(shù)是fishes;
There are many kinds of fishes in that lake.
3.以man, woman 修飾名詞構(gòu)成合成詞時,兩個詞都變化
man servant—men servants(男仆). (boy/girl students)woman doctor—women doctors.
4.復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式
son-in-law----sons-in-law (主體名詞變化),film-goer----film-goers, grown-up----grown-ups,
【注】如果沒有主體名詞,在詞尾加復(fù)數(shù)。
5.字母,阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字的復(fù)數(shù)形式一般加“’s ”或“s”
a.There are two l’s in the word “ all ”.
b.It happened in the 1960’s /1960s.
c.I will not accept your if’s and but’s.
6.物質(zhì)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù),有時用復(fù)數(shù)形式表示不同種類
a.wheats, fruits, vegetables,有時表示更廣的詞義,
b.wood—woods, water—waters, sand—sands
7.定冠詞加姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)表示一家人。
the Turners,the Smiths, the Wangs.
8.集體名詞people, police, cattle 總是作復(fù)數(shù)
【注】people 作民族,種族時有單復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式
a.Many cattle are kept.
b.Several police were on duty.
c.The Chinese are a brave and hard-working people.
d.The English are a funny people.
9.集體名詞class, public, family, population, team, crew, committee 等單復(fù)數(shù)都有,但意義不同。
a.The class is big.---- The class are taking notes in English.
b.The population is larger.---- 80% of the population are peasants.
10. hair, fruit 通常作單數(shù),表示總體。
His hair is grey.a rich harvest of fruit
【注】如果表示若干根頭發(fā),表示種類的水果時,可以加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾。
a.He had a few white hairs.
b.What fruits are on sale in this season ?
11.以s 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞只作單數(shù)。
mathematics , physics, politics, 等。(news)
12.glasses/trousers/scissors/shoes/spectacles,等常用復(fù)數(shù);
【注】但如果這些詞前用 a pair of …// this pair of…//that pair of…等修飾時謂語動詞有pair 來決定。
a.Where are my glasses ?
b.My new pair of trousers is too long.
c.Here are some new pairs of shoes.
13.不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,如果表示“一個”的概念,可用單位詞。
a piece of news/information/advice/bread/cake/paper/meat/coal…
a bottle of ink, a grain of rice , a cake of soap…
【注】可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞之間并沒有截然的界限;可數(shù)名詞可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椴豢蓴?shù)名詞,同樣不可數(shù)名詞也可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榭蓴?shù)名詞,要看清整個上下文的具體內(nèi)容。
【主動形式表示被動意義】
1. 動詞need, want, require表示"需要時",后接動名詞或不定式的被動式表示被動意義。如: Your room needs cleaning/to be cleaned. 你的房間需要打掃一下! y house requires repairing/to be cleaned. 我的房子需要修理一下。 2 在"be worth doing"短語中,動作與主語之間存在動賓關(guān)系,用主動形式表示被動意義。如: This book is well worth reading 這本書很值得一讀! 3. 在"主語 +be + adj +to do"這個句型中,不定式動作與主語之間存在動賓關(guān)系,則用主動形式表示被動意義。如: This question is hard to answer. 這個問題很難回答! nglish is easy to learn. 英語很好學(xué)。 4.連系動詞(如:feel,taste,sound,smell,look等)用主動形式表示被動意義。如: This material feels very soft. 這塊材料摸上去很柔軟! his apple tastes good. 這個蘋果嘗起來很好吃。
5. 有些表示主語內(nèi)在性質(zhì)或性能的不及物動詞常與一些副詞連用,用一般現(xiàn)在時的主動形式表示被動意義,其主語一般為事物。這些動詞有:sell,read, write,wash,wear,last等。如: The pen writes smoothly 這支筆寫起來很流暢。 This kind of food sells well. 這種食物很暢銷。 6. Won't或wouldn't表示"不愿"時,后面的動詞常用主動形式表示被動意義。如: The door won't open. 這門就是打不開! his box wouldn't move. 這個盒子就是移不動。