第一篇：火星上的水

　　【文章解析】：

　　第一段：綜述火星的大氣特征，與地球形成對(duì)比，提出在這種氣候條件下液態(tài)水不易在表面形成。

　　第二段：通過(guò)各種探測(cè)手段對(duì)火星表面地質(zhì)特征(沉淀，水道)的研究得出結(jié)論：火星上確實(shí)存在液態(tài)水。

　　第三段：液態(tài)水的存在證明，火星上很可能存在生命跡象。

　　第四段：然而對(duì)于火星上生命跡象的研究存在很多的難題。

　　TPO相關(guān)閱讀：

　　TPO08-3 Running waters on mars

　　TPO25-1 The surface of mars

　　兩篇文章都是關(guān)于火星深入的研究文章,而其中TPO25-1主要關(guān)注火星表面火山的特點(diǎn)：huge volcanoes and extensive impact cratering，僅在最后一段對(duì)火星表面的水的存在做了簡(jiǎn)要的說(shuō)明。 TPO08-3 主要研究火星表面的水，與24日真題更為相似。在此筆者也幫助各位考生對(duì) TPO08-3的文章做進(jìn)一步梳理。

　　TPO08-3 Running waters on mars結(jié)構(gòu)分析

　　第一段：

　　1火星上曾經(jīng)存在液態(tài)水，兩種表面特征runoff channels and outflow channels支持了這個(gè)推斷

　　2Runoff channels的特征

　　第二段：

　　outflow channels的特征

　　第三段：

　　1火星上早期可能廣泛存在著液態(tài)水，這些水的數(shù)量極大，甚至有海洋存在

　　第四段：

　　提出另個(gè)理由對(duì)火星上存在液態(tài)水的反駁：1.terraces could also have been created by geological activity，2theMartian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers

　　第五段：

　　總結(jié)全文，得出結(jié)論：即使沒(méi)有直接證據(jù)，但outflow channels 證明火星上過(guò)去確實(shí)還是存在水。并推測(cè)火星上所有的水實(shí)際上現(xiàn)在可能已經(jīng)封存在其地下的永久凍層中，并且在極地地區(qū)最多。

　　TPO25-1 The surface of mars中關(guān)于液態(tài)水的內(nèi)容

　　However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.

　　注：ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact)

　　另外筆者還為各位考生總結(jié)了TPO中所有的天文類文章，方便大家進(jìn)行分學(xué)科綜合整理。

　　天文類文章：

　　TPO08-3 Running waters on mars

　　TPO16-3 Plants in our solar system

　　TPO22-3 The Allende meteorite

　　TPO25-1 The surface of mars(與TPO35-3重復(fù))

　　TPO36-2 The origin of earth atmosphere

　　此外，聽力部分

　　TPO30 Lecture3

　　OG Test 2 中也有關(guān)于火星的內(nèi)容供大家參考

　　推薦閱讀：

　　對(duì)于火星上存在液態(tài)水的最新研究：

　　NASA Confirms Evidence That Liquid Water Flows on Today’s Mars(2.15.9.28)

　　New findings from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) provide the strongest evidence yet that liquid water flows intermittently on present-day Mars.

　　Using an imaging spectrometer on MRO, researchers detected signatures of hydrated minerals on slopes where mysterious streaks are seen on the Red Planet. These darkish streaks appear to ebb and flow over time. They darken and appear to flow down steep slopes during warm seasons, and then fade in cooler seasons. They appear in several locations on Mars when temperatures are above minus 10 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 23 Celsius), and disappear at colder times.

　　“Our quest on Mars has been to ‘follow the water,’ in our search for life in the universe, and now we have convincing science that validates what we’ve long suspected,” said John Grunsfeld, astronaut and associate administrator of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. “This is a significant development, as it appears to confirm that water -- albeit briny -- is flowing today on the surface of Mars.”

　　These downhill flows, known as recurring slope lineae (RSL), often have been described as possibly related to liquid water. The new findings of hydrated salts on the slopes point to what that relationship may be to these dark features. The hydrated salts would lower the freezing point of a liquid brine, just as salt on roads here on Earth causes ice and snow to melt more rapidly. Scientists say it’s likely a shallow subsurface flow, with enough water wicking to the surface to explain the darkening.

　　"We found the hydrated salts only when the seasonal features were widest, which suggests that either the dark streaks themselves or a process that forms them is the source of the hydration. In either case, the detection of hydrated salts on these slopes means that water plays a vital role in the formation of these streaks," said Lujendra Ojha of the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) in Atlanta, lead author of a report on these findings published Sept. 28 by Nature Geoscience.

　　Ojha first noticed these puzzling features as a University of Arizona undergraduate student in 2010, using images from the MRO's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE). HiRISE observations now have documented RSL at dozens of sites on Mars. The new study pairs HiRISE observations with mineral mapping by MRO’s Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM).

　　The spectrometer observations show signatures of hydrated salts at multiple RSL locations, but only when the dark features were relatively wide. When the researchers looked at the same locations and RSL weren't as extensive, they detected no hydrated salt.

　　Ojha and his co-authors interpret the spectral signatures as caused by hydrated minerals called perchlorates. The hydrated salts most consistent with the chemical signatures are likely a mixture of magnesium perchlorate, magnesium chlorate and sodium perchlorate. Some perchlorates have been shown to keep liquids from freezing even when conditions are as cold as minus 94 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 70 Celsius). On Earth, naturally produced perchlorates are concentrated in deserts, and some types of perchlorates can be used as rocket propellant.

　　Perchlorates have previously been seen on Mars. NASA's Phoenix lander and Curiosity rover both found them in the planet's soil, and some scientists believe that the Viking missions in the 1970s measured signatures of these salts. However, this study of RSL detected perchlorates, now in hydrated form, in different areas than those explored by the landers. This also is the first time perchlorates have been identified from orbit.

　　MRO has been examining Mars since 2006 with its six science instruments.

　　"The ability of MRO to observe for multiple Mars years with a payload able to see the fine detail of these features has enabled findings such as these: first identifying the puzzling seasonal streaks and now making a big step towards explaining what they are," said Rich Zurek, MRO project scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California.

　　For Ojha, the new findings are more proof that the mysterious lines he first saw darkening Martian slopes five years ago are, indeed, present-day water.

　　"When most people talk about water on Mars, they're usually talking about ancient water or frozen water," he said. "Now we know there’s more to the story. This is the first spectral detection that unambiguously supports our liquid water-formation hypotheses for RSL."

　　The discovery is the latest of many breakthroughs by NASA’s Mars missions.

　　“It took multiple spacecraft over several years to solve this mystery, and now we know there is liquid water on the surface of this cold, desert planet,” said Michael Meyer, lead scientist for NASA’s Mars Exploration Program at the agency’s headquarters in Washington. “It seems that the more we study Mars, the more we learn how life could be supported and where there are resources to support life in the future.”

　　(reference:https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-today-s-mars)

　　第二篇：二戰(zhàn)后歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)

　　文章解析：

　　第一段：綜述二戰(zhàn)后各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。(此段中出現(xiàn)很多細(xì)節(jié)性的對(duì)比數(shù)據(jù)，考查考生對(duì)雜亂的細(xì)節(jié)信息的收集與梳理能力)

　　第二段：戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的原因：馬歇爾計(jì)劃對(duì)歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的巨大推動(dòng)作用，但是經(jīng)濟(jì)支援停止后，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展也陷入停滯。

　　第三段：戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的原因：政府在歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中起到的作用：支持私有化經(jīng)濟(jì)，維持經(jīng)濟(jì)的穩(wěn)定性。

　　第四段：政府間的合作也對(duì)推動(dòng)了經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。

　　第五段：美國(guó)對(duì)于歐洲的經(jīng)濟(jì)援助停止后，當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展也陷入停滯，究其原因是沒(méi)有有技術(shù)的工人操作現(xiàn)代化的機(jī)械。

　　注：馬歇爾計(jì)劃(The Marshall Plan)，又被稱為歐洲復(fù)興計(jì)劃(European Recovery Program)，是第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后美國(guó)對(duì)被戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)破壞的西歐各國(guó)進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)援助、協(xié)助重建的計(jì)劃，對(duì)歐洲國(guó)家的發(fā)展和世界政治格局產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。該計(jì)劃于1948年4月正式啟動(dòng)，并整整持續(xù)了4個(gè)財(cái)政年度之久。在這段時(shí)期內(nèi)，西歐各國(guó)通過(guò)參加經(jīng)濟(jì)合作發(fā)展組織(OECD)總共接受了美國(guó)包括金融、技術(shù)、設(shè)備等各種形式的援助合計(jì)131.5億美元。

　　TPO文章中并沒(méi)有涉及二戰(zhàn)之后經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的文章，但是各位考生可以參考TPO 10-3 Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth. 這篇文章與24日真題都是研究某一特定時(shí)期的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，并深入研究其發(fā)展的原因類的文章。

　　另外從最近的實(shí)戰(zhàn)考試來(lái)說(shuō)，經(jīng)濟(jì)類的文章考察也并不廣泛，2015年6月出現(xiàn)過(guò)一篇economic prosperity in the Roman Augustan Age.

　　然而，關(guān)注歐洲體裁，尤其是歐洲歷史方面的文章卻頻繁出現(xiàn)，如2015年真題曾出現(xiàn)過(guò)Europe in the High Middle Ages，Population Revolution in Eighteenth-Century Europe，Economic Decline in Europe during the Fourteenth Century，England’s Economy in the Sixteenth Century.甚至在2016年1月9日也出現(xiàn)了歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退內(nèi)容的文章。歷史類文章涉及特定的歷史事件，背景相對(duì)我們熟悉的動(dòng)物植物類較為陌生，專有詞匯結(jié)合上下文不好把握，各位考生可以注意這些方面背景知識(shí)的積累。

　　第三篇：羅馬的文化入侵

　　文章解析：

　　文章關(guān)注羅馬文明在文化方面對(duì)于其他區(qū)域的影響。首先，拉丁語(yǔ)被廣泛推崇，人們認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言不僅是為了日常交流，更重要的是可以成為更好的人(當(dāng)時(shí)人們對(duì)于羅馬文化的推崇可見(jiàn)一斑)，語(yǔ)言的廣泛傳播的同時(shí)更推動(dòng)了羅馬文化和政治方面的深入影響。接下來(lái)闡述羅馬建筑的影響，羅馬在征服屬地之后，影響當(dāng)?shù)氐慕ㄖ�風(fēng)格，隨后當(dāng)?shù)氐慕ㄖ�越�?lái)越羅馬風(fēng)。建筑除了裝飾更重要的作用是用于政治和宗教聚會(huì)。隨后記敘羅馬民主意識(shí)的發(fā)展和傳播。

　　TPO文章參考：

　　TPO07-3 Ancient rome and Greece

　　TPO19-1 The Roman army’s impact on Britain

　　從體裁方面來(lái)看，文章屬于歷史大類中的文明/文化類體裁，與上述TPO19-1的文章較為相似。但24日的真題更加側(cè)重于羅馬在文化方面對(duì)于其他地區(qū)的影響，相對(duì)TPO19-1的文章角度更加抽象，不好把握。

　　文明/文化類文章在歷史這一大類的文章中的難度可以算得上是最高級(jí)的，抽象的概念和大量專有名詞使很多考生對(duì)這種類型的文章感到非常的恐懼。而在所有的文明/文化體裁的文章中，希臘和羅馬文明又比較受考官青睞。除了上面列舉的兩篇文章，TPO還出現(xiàn)了TPO29-1 Characteristics of Roman pottery. 2015年涉及古羅馬文明的真題文章包括：The Western Roman Empire in the Fifth Century，Economic prosperity in the Roman Augustan Age.對(duì)于這種高難度的文章，建議各位考生集中總結(jié)專有詞匯，補(bǔ)充背景知識(shí)。

　　詞匯題：

　　adequate-suitable

　　spurt-a sudden increase

　　assess-evaluate

　　suffice-be enough

　　founding-establishment

　　massively-extensively

　　unprecedented-unlike anything in the past

　　era-period

　　fragment-pieces

　　pragmatic-practical (此處有干擾項(xiàng)commercial容易錯(cuò)選，文章中下一句舉例說(shuō)明：比如和士兵進(jìn)行商品買賣交易。如果考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推斷，則易選commercial.對(duì)此筆者提醒考生：托福閱讀部分詞匯題的準(zhǔn)備一定要以提升硬實(shí)力，即擴(kuò)充自己的詞匯量為主，結(jié)合文章推斷存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn))

　　除此之外，這次考試的文章依舊出現(xiàn)了3-5段的段落設(shè)置，這也意味著長(zhǎng)段落繼續(xù)攻陷著考生們脆弱的小心臟。為此，各位考生有必要研究長(zhǎng)段落的解決方法并對(duì)長(zhǎng)段落做集中的練習(xí)。筆者推薦兩種方法：第一，考生對(duì)于長(zhǎng)段子可進(jìn)行段落-題目交互式閱讀。第二，考生需要著重分析段落的結(jié)構(gòu)和句間關(guān)系，然后分層次進(jìn)行閱讀與答題。