2018年12月16日托福聽力機經(jīng)小范圍預(yù)測
1. What is the discussion mainly about?
A. Effects of climate change on migratory animals
B. A strategy for protecting endangered species
C. Threats to aquatic habitats in the Pyrenees mountains
D. Ways to control the spread of invasive species
2. Why does a student mention the introduction of shrimp into a lake in Montana?
A. To point out a possible danger of assisted migration
B. To explain why certain species are good candidates for assisted migration
C. To suggest that assisted migration can benefit several species at the same time
D. To give an example of a new assisted migration program that is being considered
3. According to the professor, how did climate change affect the two butterfly
species that she discusses?
A. It dried up the water supply in their habitat.
B. It made them vulnerable to predators.
C. It caused a decrease in their food supply.
D. It made it hard for them to reproduce.
4. What does the professor imply about the biological costs of relocating wildlife?
A. The biological costs can be eliminated with careful planning.
B. The benefits almost always outweigh the biological costs.
C. It may be difficult for scientists to anticipate all of the biological costs.
D. There have been minimal biological costs involved to date.
5. What are two reasons that the Iberian desman may be a good candidate for
assisted migration to the Alps, Scotland, or Scandinavia?
Click on 2 answers.
A. Its current predators inhabit those areas.
B. It would be the only species of its kind in those areas.
C. It is unlikely to spread beyond those areas.
D. It would attract beneficial species to those areas.
6. What is the professor's opinion about the proposal to use assisted migration to
save the Iberian desman
A. She is surprised that it is controversial and believes that it will be beneficial if
closely followed.
B. She thinks that it will benefit the Iberian desman but will harm other species.
C. She appreciates that the researchers will proceed with it slowly.
D. She believes that efforts should have been made to rescue the Iberian desman
第一段: 教授開篇提到兩個威脅很多動植物生存的因素:氣候變化、棲息地的 毀壞,并問 Stephanie,怎么做才能拯救這些物種?Stephanie 回答說,可以停止 化石染料的使用,用太陽能跟風(fēng)能。男同學(xué)補充,世界上有很多“種子銀行”, 把種子收起來,不至于絕種。還有人在哺育瀕臨滅絕的動物。
第二段: 教授說,都是目前在用的方法,但他想介紹另一個越來越受關(guān)注的方 法:協(xié)助遷徙(assisted migration)。教授說“協(xié)助遷徙”是將整個物種從受威脅 的地方遷徙到一個新的、更適合居住的新環(huán)境的方法。Stephanie 提問,上次不 還講了種蝦嗎?被野生動物管理員引進到蒙大拿州的一個湖里面,本以為這種蝦 是湖里面魚的好食物,但沒想到蝦進來后跟魚搶食物吃,還攪亂了整個湖的食物 網(wǎng)。教授說,沒錯,另外就是物種有時候還會占據(jù)比我們預(yù)料還大的地區(qū)。正是 由于這些風(fēng)險存在,所以這種方法才有爭議
第三段:男同學(xué)問,有成功的案例嗎?教授說有的。上世紀(jì) 90 年代,英格蘭的 2 種蝴蝶的案例就是成功的。教授說,氣候數(shù)據(jù)表明,蝴蝶的棲息地當(dāng)時正經(jīng)受 高溫,這之間影響力它們的繁殖。所以,環(huán)保人士就用電能氣候模型找到另一個 能讓這些蝴蝶生存的地方。起初,一種蝴蝶往北挪了 35km,第二年,另一種蝴 蝶往北挪了 65km。隨后的 20 年里,我們密切跟蹤了這些蝴蝶,知道目前位置, 并未發(fā)現(xiàn)有什么消極影響。
第四段:Stephanie 問,那怎么決定哪種該遷徙,又怎么判斷該往哪兒遷徙呢? 教授說,研究人員提出一組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。首先、被遷徙的物種僅能是由于氣候變化、棲 息地毀壞導(dǎo)致的高危物種。但是最關(guān)鍵的是遷徙后的“優(yōu)”必須要超過生物成本 的“劣”。教授還說,但是問題在于這個成本只有在破壞產(chǎn)生了才看得到。
第五段:教授舉例 Iberian desman。他說這個物種是一個半水生動物,生活在比 利牛斯山(Pyrenees Mountains)的急流中。研究人員認(rèn)為,這個物種很適合遷 徙。原因有 2: a、 Iberian desman 僅在有限的地區(qū)里能發(fā)現(xiàn)。這意味著,靠它們自己無法遷徙 到一個新地區(qū),而 Iberian desman 生活的溪流正在被污染。另外,那個地區(qū)有越 來越多的水力發(fā)電站,這導(dǎo)致了 Iberian desman 棲息地的碎片化。 b、 氣候變化帶來結(jié)果:高溫、低降雨量。 教授說,綜上,很多人想用“協(xié)助遷徙”幫助 Iberian desman 找到新的棲息地。 甚至有人認(rèn)為歐洲的一些地區(qū)很適合:Alps、Scotland、Scandinavia 等
第六段:Stephanie 問,那風(fēng)險呢?教授說 Iberian desman 現(xiàn)在生活地方的競爭對 手、天敵,在上面提到的那些候補地區(qū)里也找到了。另外,Iberian desman 從沒 有擴張領(lǐng)地的跡象。所以,這些都表明,Iberian desman 的遷徙不會破壞生態(tài)平 衡。 第七段:男學(xué)生提問,那就決定做咯?教授說目前僅僅是提議階段。但是這個方 法很有爭議,即便是這個方案的提出者對此也很謹(jǐn)慎。教授說這么謹(jǐn)慎也是有原 因的,因為目前僅僅一個成功的案例。