2020中學(xué)教師資格證《高中英語》語義學(xué)分析

　　【高頻考點】

　　Sense Relations between Sentences句間意義關(guān)系

　　1. X is synonymous with Y (X與Y同義)

　　Two sentences may have the same meaning.

　　X與Y在意義上是等同關(guān)系，若X為真，則Y為真;若X為假，Y也為假。

　　X: He was a bachelor all his life. Y: He never got married all his life.

　　2. X is inconsistent with Y (X與Y不一致)

　　X與Y在意義上相互矛盾，若X為真，則Y為假;若Y為真，則X為假。

　　X: This is my first visit to Beijing. Y: I have been to Beijing twice.

　　3. Entail and Presuppose蘊(yùn)含和預(yù)設(shè)

　　(1) Entail蘊(yùn)含

　　X entails Y. (Y is an entailment of X.)

　　A sentence (meaning) A entails B (A ||- B) if whenever A is true, then B must also be true. It is a semantic relation.

　　如果當(dāng)A為真，B一定為真的時候，則A蘊(yùn)含B。蘊(yùn)含是一種語義關(guān)系。

　　Sue and Fred went to the party ||- Sue went to the party

　　(2) Presuppose預(yù)設(shè)

　　X presupposes Y. (Y is a prerequisite of X.)

　　Presuppositions are implications that are often felt to be in the background—to be assumed by the speaker to be already known to the addressee.

　　預(yù)設(shè)通常被認(rèn)為是一種背景信息，也就是說話者假設(shè)聽者已經(jīng)知道的信息。

　　A speaker of any of the sentences below would be presupposing that there is a king of France.

　　a. The king of France is bald. b. The king of France is not bald.

　　c. Is the king of France bald?

　　d. The king of France might be bald/Possibly the king of France is bald.

　　e. If the king of France is bald, he should wear a hat in the winter.

　　4. X is a contradiction X自我矛盾

　　When X is a contradiction, it is invariably false, e.g. My unmarried sisiter is married to a bachelor.

　　【每日一練】

　　1. The sense relation of the following pair of sentences (see X and Y) is _____.

　　X. Mary has been to Japan Y. Mary has been to Asia

　　A. X entails Y B. X presupposes Y

　　C. X is inconsistent with Y D. X is synonymous with Y

　　2. The question “How fast did he drive when he ran the red light?” _____ “He ran the red light”.

　　A. presupposes B. entails C. contradicts D. includes