How generous is an ape? This generosity may have been______(91) to the survival of our early ancesto
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The researchers designed an experiment that could provide strong evidence that bonobos could give things to each other simply______(93) generosity rather than being pressured into doing so, or expecting some sort of immediate payback. For their experiment, the researchers______(94) advantage of the fact______(95) the Lola Ya Bonobo apes have learned to crack open palm nuts with rocks. ______(96) a rock, they have to gnaw on the nuts for a long time to get them out of their shell. The scientists put one bonobo in a cage with five nuts. In an adjacent cage, a______(97) bonobo a stranger to the first one had two rocks but no nuts. The cages were connected by a window. The bonobos were free to bring gifts to the window______(98) to each other 一 or to ignore their______(99). The researchers found that the bonobos with the nuts proved generous. In 18 percent of the trials, the bonobos with the nuts handed one through the window to their neighbor, a rate that showed their______(100) to give food to others. But the bonobos in the other cage almost______(101) returned the favor. They refused to pass one of their rocks through the window.
In______(102) experiment, Dr. Krupenye experienced their______(103) of generosity firsthand.Each bonobo would sit in a cage, with a mesh wall______(104) in front of the door to the hallway. A colleague would______(105) a stick into the cage near the bonobo and leave. Then Dr. Krupenye would come to the doorway and beg for the stick. He would reach______(106) his arm, plaintively calling the bonobo’s name. The bonobos almost never handed Dr. Krupenye the stick. In fact, sometimes they seemed to tease him. “They will put it through the mesh a little bit and then pull it back when Tm trying to reach for it,” said Dr. Krupenye.
The work of Dr. Krupenye and others makes______(107) clear that humans aren’t unique in their generosity. It’s possible that our common ancestor with bonobos and chimpanzees was already prosocial, at least______(108) a limited extent. This versatility may have______(109) early in our lineage, producing traits that encouraged more sharing.
It leads______(110) to have generous inclinations without any coaching.
單選題第1題This generosity may have been______(91).
A.special
B. extraordinary
C. extreme
D. Crucial
參考答案：D
答案解析：special為“特殊的”；extraordinary為“非 凡的、特別的”；extreme為“極其的、非常的”；crucial為“關(guān)鍵的、決定性的”。這句話的意思是：對于那些依靠狩獵和采摘生活的早期祖先來說，慷慨大方對他們的生存至關(guān)重要。答案為D。
單選題第2題______（92) lived in small bands of hunter-gatherers.
A.who
B. that
C. which
D. What
參考答案：A
答案解析：此處需要引導(dǎo)定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，在從句中作主語，先行詞為ancestors，所以選who,答案為A。
單選題第3題simply______(93) generosity rather.
A.because
B. out of
C. towards
D. From
參考答案：B
答案解析：out of意為“出于或由于……”。這句話的意思是：猩猩會出于慷慨互相給東西，而不是迫于壓力。答案為B。
單選題第4題the researchers______(94).
A.took
B. made
C. used
D. Utilized
參考答案：A
答案解析：take advantages of是固定搭配，意為“利用”，答案選A。
單選題第5題advantage of the fact______(95).
A.who
B. which
C. that
D. What
參考答案：C
答案解析：用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，只起連接作用，在從句中不作任何句子成分。答案為C。
單選題第6題______(96) a rock.
A.With
B. Without
C. Have
D. Having
參考答案：B
答案解析：這句話的意思是：沒有石頭，他們會咬很長時間才能把果肉從殼里面取出來。根據(jù)句意，選B項without。
單選題第7題a______(97) bonobo a stranger to the first one had two rocks but no nuts.
A.other
B. another
C. second
D. First
參考答案：C
答案解析：這句話的意思是：在相鄰的籠子里，放著另一只猩猩。所缺單詞前面為a，所以只能選second，表示“另一、再一”。答案為C。
單選題第8題The bonobos were free to bring gifts to the window______(98).
A.to give
B. giving
C. given
D. Gave
參考答案：A
答案解析：這句話的意思是：猩猩們自由地通過窗戶給彼此送禮物，或者忽略他們的鄰居。此處用動詞不定式to give作目的狀語，答案為A。
單選題第9題to each other 一 or to ignore their______(99).
A.friend
B. neighbor
C. intimate
D. Roommate
參考答案：B
答案解析：由下文 “In 18 percent of the trials, the bonobos with the nuts handed one through the window to their neighbor”可以看出，應(yīng)該是他們的鄰居，因答案為B項。
單選題第10題a rate that showed their______(100) to give food to others.
A.unwillingness
B. willingness
C. aptitude
D. Preference
參考答案：B
答案解析：這句話的意思是：在18%的試驗中，有堅果的猩猩通過窗戶把堅果遞給鄰居，這一比例表明了他們愿意把食物分享給別人。willingness意為“樂意、愿意”；aptitude意為“才能、天資”；preference意為“偏好、愛好”。B項符合題意。
單選題第11題a rate that showed their______(100) to give food to others.
A.ever
B. usually
C. hardly
D. Never
參考答案：D
答案解析：這一句以but開頭，表示句義的轉(zhuǎn)折，表示另一個籠子里的猩猩從來不會回報這種恩惠，故選never，答案為D項。
單選題第12題In______(102) experiment
A.other
B. another
C. others
D. the other
參考答案：B
答案解析：前文已經(jīng)提到了一個實驗，說起后面另一個實驗時用another,表示“另一個”，后面跟單數(shù)名詞。D項the other表示“兩者中的另一個”，本文并未表明只有兩個實驗，因此答案為B。
單選題第13題Dr. Krupenye experienced their______(103) of generosity firsthand.
A.willingness
B. abundance
C. richness
D. Lack
參考答案：D
答案解析：根本下文對這一實驗的描述，猩猩不愿意給Dr. Krupenye那條棍子，說明猩猩缺乏慷慨，故選D。
單選題第14題with a mesh wall______(104) in front of the door to the hallway.
A.hang
B. hangs
C. hung
D. Hanging
參考答案：D
答案解析：現(xiàn)在分詞hanging作定語，相當(dāng)于which hangs，答案選D。
單選題第15題A colleague would______(105) a stick into the cage near the bonobo and leave.
A.slip
B. walk
C. run
D. Step
參考答案：A
答案解析：slip into意為“偷偷溜進……”。這句話的意思是：一位同事偷偷溜進籠子，把棍子放在猩猩的旁邊，然后離開。答案為A。
單選題第16題He would reach______(106) his arm.
A.in
B. out
C. from
D. For
參考答案：B
答案解析：reach out意為“伸出”。這句話的意思是：他一邊哀求般地叫著猩猩的名字，一邊伸出胳膊拿那根棍子。答案為B。
單選題第17題The work of Dr. Krupenye and others makes______(107) clear that humans aren’t unique in their generosity.
A.that
B. this
C. it
D. What
參考答案：C
答案解析：make it clea that…是固定句型，其中it是形式賓語，真正的賓語為后面的that從句，故選C。
單選題第18題at least______(108) a limited extent.
A.in
B. on
C. at
D. to
參考答案：D
答案解析：tosomeextent意為“在某種程度上”，所以選介詞to，答案為D。
單選題第19題This versatility may have______(109) early in our lineage.
A.evolved
B. involved
C. evoked
D. Invaded
參考答案：A
答案解析：evolve意為“演變、發(fā)展”；involve意為“包括、涉及”；evoke意為“引起、喚起”；invade意為“侵略、侵襲”。這句話的意思是：慷慨這種精神很早就已經(jīng)在我們的血統(tǒng)中開始發(fā)展演變，進而產(chǎn)生了分享這種特質(zhì)。答案為A。
單選題第20題It leads______(110) to have generous inclinations without any coaching.
A.toddlers
B. the teens
C. adults
D. the old
參考答案：A
答案解析：toddlers意為“學(xué)步的小孩、初學(xué)走路的孩子”。這句話的意思是：這使得初學(xué)走路的小孩沒有經(jīng)任何指導(dǎo)就有慷慨的傾向。答案為A。
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