According to UNICEF, around 564 million Indians, nearly half the population
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That spreads diseases and causes other public and personal problems.
It is no accident that “Toilet” opens with a beautifully lit scene of women trudging out of their village right before sunrise, each one carrying a little brass jug of water to wash with. They are traveling in a group for safety.
Rural women sometimes endure taunts and even sexual assault when they relieve themselves outdoors, so they travel in small groups, often before dawn, for protection.
“This is a real problem，” said Jagmati Sangwan，a women’s rights advocate. “So many women, especially landless women, face a lot of violence when they go to the bathroom outside.”
To avoid being leered at during the day, some women hold on for hours for darkness to fall. Waiting that long can create health problems, particularly for pregnant women, who are highly susceptible to urinary tract infections, experts say.
A recent study found a troubling correlation between pregnant mothers who had no toilet facilities and low birth weight.
Not helping matters, hard-liners with the governing Bharatiya Janata Party, or B.J.P., have photographed women who relieve themselves outside in an effort to shame them.Earlier this year, a man who stood up for such women was beaten to death.
Government officials say they have spent $4 billion to help install 50 million toilets so far, building community latrines and providing subsidies for people to put them in their homes. The Modi government runs a website bestowing on top-performing villages a special “ODF”（Open Defecation Free) status.
Their efforts have earned praise abroad. Bill Gates, the billionaire co-founder of Microsoft, wrote on his blog: “I can’t think of another time when a national leader has broached such a sensitive topic so frankly and so publicly. Even better, Modi backed up his words with actions.”
But Mr. Modi’s detractors say there may be more emphasis on image than deed, and that in many areas party apparatchiks are so eager to fall in line with the prime minister’s directives that they are putting up latrines that are not connected to sewers or septic systems.
Several businessmen in New Delhi said government agencies are in such a rush that they are awarding contracts left and right with little oversight and often to businesses that know nothing about sanitation. According to Indian news reports, countless rupees have disappeared in shady toilet deals.
Sanitation specialists say that with less than 5 percent of India’s nearly 8,000 cities and towns having sewage treatment plants, it is far from clear where all the waste will go.
“There’s a blind scramble to make a toilet，whether it is usable or not,” said Bezwada Wilson, an official with the Sanitation Workers’ Movement, an advocacy organization. “It has become a business，and resulted in the corporatization of the toilet.”
單選題第1題Which of the following is the best title of the passage?（）。
A.Serious Problems Caused by Toilets in India
B.The corporatization of the toilet
C.Importance of Toilets for Women
D.Urgency to Build Toilets in India
參考答案：A
答案解析：由全文內容可知，本文主要講了印度廁所設施落后引發(fā)的一系列問題，以及針對這些問題，政府采取的補救措施，最后，講了補救措施帶來的新的問題。B、C、D三項均過于片面。A項最貼合文章大意，故選A項。
單選題第2題According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE about the current situation of toilet problem in India?（）。
A.Around 564 million Indians, nearly one third of the population, still defecate in the open in fields, forests, next to ponds, along highway medians and on the beach.
B.Many women, even those with land, face a lot of violence when they go to the bathroom outside.
C.Government officials say they have spent $4 million to help install 50 million toilets.
D.Rural women travel in small groups, often before dawn, for protection when they relieve themselves outdoors.
參考答案：D
答案解析：由第1段可知，全國近一半的人口缺少廁所設施，而不是三分之一，故A項錯誤；由第5段可知，沒有土地的女性在戶外方便時尤其會面臨很多暴力事件，故B項錯誤；由第9段可知，政府花費了40億幫助市民安裝廁所設施，而不是400萬，故C項錯誤；第4段中提到，農村婦女在戶外解手時，常常在黎明前成群出行，以此尋求自我保護，與D項吻合，答案為D。
單選題第3題Which of the following is the measure taken by the Modi government?（）。
A.It photographed women who relieve themselves outside in an effort to shame them.
B.It ran a website bestowing on top-performing villages a special “ODF” status.
C.Their efforts have earned praise abroad.
D.It will spend $4 billion to help install 50 million toilets.
參考答案：B
答案解析：由第8段可知，拍照羞辱婦女的是印度人民黨，故A項錯誤；由第9段可知，莫迪政府運營了一個網站，該網站將為表現(xiàn)最 佳的村莊安裝“0DF”（免費露天排便）設施，因此B項正確；C項不是措施，故排除C項；由第9段可知，政府已經花費了40億美元修建廁所設施，而不是將要修建，D項錯誤。答案為B。
單選題第4題What does Bill Gates mean by saying，in Paragraph 10, “I can’t think of another time when a national leader has broached such a sensitive topic so frankly and so publicly.Even better，Modi backed up his words with actions”?（）。
A.Bill Gates thinks there is no national leader can broach such a sensitive topic so frankly just like Modi, but he cannot keep his words.
B.Bill Gates thinks that the Modi government does as promised in terms of solving problems.
C.Bill Gates thinks that the Modi government is too frankly and publicly to back up his words with actions.
D.Bill Gates thinks that the Modi government is so frankly and publicly that he did not back up his words with actions.
參考答案：B
答案解析：由第10段比爾蓋茨的表述“我想不出還有哪個國家的領導人會如此坦率、如此公開地談論這樣一個敏感的話題。莫迪用行動支持了他的言論”可知，B項正確。
單選題第5題According to the passage, why are Mr. Modi’s detractors not optimistic about the efforts made by the Modi government?（）。
A.They think there may be more emphasis on image than deed.
B.They think government agencies are in such a rush that they are awarding contracts left and right with little oversight and often to businesses that know nothing about sanitation.
C.They think that with less than 5 percent of India’s nearly 8,000 cities and towns having sewage treatment plants, it is far from clear where all the waste will go.
D.They think that the efforts made by the Modi government has become a business, and resulted in the corporatization of the toilet.
參考答案：A
答案解析：根據(jù)問題，由“Mr. Modi’s detractors”定位至文章第11段，“反對者認為莫迪政府建造廁所設施重在加強自身的形象，并非真的為百姓做事”，故A項正確；由第12段可知，B項的觀點是新德里幾位商人的看法，并非莫迪反對者的看法，故B項錯誤；由第13段可知，C項是衛(wèi)生專家的看法，不是反對者的看法，故C項錯誤；由第14段可知，D項是衛(wèi)生工人運動組織的官員的看法，也不是莫迪反對者的看法。答案為A。
單選題第6題According to the passage, who made efforts to improve the condition of toilet in India?（）。
A.Bill Gates
B.Several businessmen in New Delhi
C.The Modi government
D.Bharatiya Janata Party or B.J.P.
參考答案：C
答案解析：由第9段可知，C項正確。A項中比爾蓋茨只是對莫迪政府的做法表示贊揚，并沒有提供實際的幫助，因此A項錯誤。由第12段可知，新德里的幾位商人只是對政府機構的一些做法提出批評，并沒有提供幫助，因此B項錯誤。由第8段可知，同印度人民黨一起的強硬派人士對那些在戶外如廁的婦女拍照并羞辱她們，因此D項錯誤。第9段中提到，政府花費40億美元，安裝5000萬個廁所；還提供補貼，讓人們把廁所安在家里；此外，莫迪政府運營了一個網站獎勵村莊安裝ODF。答案為C。
單選題第7題According to the passage, which of the following statement is TRUE?（）。
A.The government builds toilets in people’s home free.
B.A recent study found a troubling correlation between pregnant mothers who had no toilet facilities and low birth weight.
C.Sanitation specialists say that with more than 5 percent of India’s nearly 8,000 cities and towns having sewage treatment plants.
D.Building toilets has become a business, which is a result of the corporatization of the toilet.
參考答案：B
答案解析：由第9段可知，政府只是提供補貼，并非免費，故A項錯誤；由第13段可知，應該是“少于5%”，并非多于，故C項錯誤；由第14段可知，D項中邏輯關系錯誤，建造廁所設施導致了廁所的商業(yè)化，并非商業(yè)化的結果；由第7段可知，最近的一項研宄發(fā)現(xiàn)，沒有廁所設施可用的孕婦往往會產下體重不足的嬰兒，B項正確。
單選題第8題Which of the following words can explain the meaning of the underlined word “susceptible” in Paragraph 6?（）。
A.special
B.suspicious
C.sensitive
D.satisfied
參考答案：C
答案解析：根據(jù)問題，可定位至文章第6段。根據(jù)原文大意“尤其是對孕婦而言，她們很容易受到尿路感染”，可知選擇C項“敏感的”。A項意為“特殊的”；B項意為“懷疑的”；D項意為“滿意的”。
單選題第9題Which of the following is NOT the problem in the process of building toilets according to the passage?（）。
A.Building toilets results in the corporatization of the toilet.
B.Countless rupees have disappeared in shady toilet deals.
C.A man who stood up for the women who have been shamed was beaten to death.
D.Party apparatchiks are so eager to agree with the prime minister’s directives that they do not really care the matter itself.
參考答案：C
答案解析：由第14段可知，修建廁所已經成為一種商業(yè)，并導致了廁所的企業(yè)化，因此A項正確；由第12段可知，無數(shù)盧比已經消失在“骯臟的”廁所交易中，因此B項正確；由第11段可知，黨派人士都非�？释c總理的指示一致，以至于他們修建了與下水道和化糞池系統(tǒng)不相通的廁所，因此D項正確；C項發(fā)生在大規(guī)模建造廁所設施之前，不是在修建過程中出現(xiàn)的問題，故選C項。
單選題第10題This passage can most possibly be read in a ______.
A.newspaper
B.science magazine
C.novel
D.story book
參考答案：A
答案解析：從體裁來看，文章屬于報道性文體，故A項正確。
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