2017年公共英語(yǔ)五級(jí)作文指導(dǎo)：常用段落推展方法

　　常用段落推展方法

　　段落推展的常用方法有：時(shí)間順序法、空間順序法、例證法、分類(lèi)法、定義法、因果法、比較對(duì)比法、過(guò)程分析法、一邊倒順接法、兩邊倒逆接法、人以群分法、反復(fù)說(shuō)明法、讓步論證法、綜合法等。

　　1 時(shí)間順序法

　　時(shí)間順序法是指按發(fā)生時(shí)間的先后為順序組織材料的表達(dá)方法。在記敘文或人物傳記、科學(xué)過(guò)程和實(shí)驗(yàn)的解釋中常用時(shí)間順序法。

　　用時(shí)間順序法推展段落常用轉(zhuǎn)折詞：

　　first, second, third, next, last, hen, finally, meanwhile, after, before, when, as, while, once

　　as soon as, the first, the last, the beginning of , at the end of, ward the end of

　　2 空間順序法

　　空間順序法按物體的空間位置(自左至右、由遠(yuǎn)到近、由上到下、由下到上、由里到外、由外到里、由中間到兩邊等順序)來(lái)展開(kāi)段落。

　　空間順序法常用介詞：

　　in front of , behind, at the back of, on, above, over, under, below, beneath, underneath, at the top of, along, adjacent to, next to, on one side of, on the other side of, in the centre of, in the middle of, through, through-out, near, far from, away from, close to, to the right of, to the east of, leading to, from......to

　　3 例證法

　　運(yùn)用事實(shí)舉例來(lái)說(shuō)明一種觀點(diǎn)、概念、情況等。例證法可使主題更加明了，內(nèi)容更加豐富，使抽象變具體、復(fù)雜變簡(jiǎn)單。

　　例證法常用連接詞語(yǔ)：

　　for example, for instance, that is to say, for one thing, for another, to illustrate, one example is, a good illustration of this is......., A case in point is......, in other words, such as, still another.

　　4 分類(lèi)法

　　是指按一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)人或物的特征分類(lèi)(classification)。 分類(lèi)的過(guò)程也就是分析共性和揭示差異的過(guò)程。在分類(lèi)時(shí)要注意各類(lèi)別間的平衡性,不能重復(fù)劃分; 不同的分類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的結(jié)果。

　　分類(lèi)法常用連接詞:

　　divide...into...fall into......classify......into......there are...... kind of......categorize......into......break down into......

　　5 定義法

　　是對(duì)事物的本質(zhì)特征和區(qū)別于其他事物的基本特征, 或?qū)σ粋�(gè)概念的內(nèi)涵和外延作出簡(jiǎn)明闡述的方法。定義法使用務(wù)必謹(jǐn)慎,嚴(yán)密。

　　定義法常用結(jié)構(gòu)及連接詞:

　　A means......, The meaning of A is......, A can be defined as......, By A is meant that......A refers to ......, The definition of A is......, namely, be explained

　　6 因果法

　　就是用一些事實(shí)或理論作為依據(jù)來(lái)解釋論證某種現(xiàn)象或結(jié)果。通常是先提出結(jié)果,而后羅列出原因。

　　因果法常用連接詞語(yǔ):

　　because, since, in view of, on account of, The reason why......is that......, This explains why......,The cause of ......is......,

　　The reason for......is......, Because / As / Since / Now that......, ......causes / results in / leads to / produces / contributes to......,......is / are caused by / due to......, ......because of / as a result of / on account of / owing to / through......, The effect of ......is......, The consequence of ......is......, ......,therefore, ............ As a result, ............ Consequently, ............ be responsible for......

　　7 比較對(duì)照法

　　分為相似比較法和不同比較法。在相似比較法中，作者提出兩主題對(duì)象是不同的,但強(qiáng)調(diào)其相似之處; 而在不同比較法中，作者提出兩個(gè)對(duì)象是相似的,但強(qiáng)調(diào)其不同之處.在文章結(jié)構(gòu)上可分為交替式和板塊式。

　　交替式: 是將雙方相似點(diǎn)或不同點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)起來(lái)逐一比較和對(duì)照. 基本模式:A1—B1，A2—B2，A3—B3。

　　板塊式: 是指先論述一個(gè)對(duì)象的所有性質(zhì),然后論述另一個(gè)對(duì)象的所有性質(zhì)�；�本模式：A1A2A3—B1B2B3。

　　比較對(duì)照法常用句型：

　　A is the same as B.A is as cheap as B.A is similar to B.A and B have a lot in common. A is different from B.A differs from B.A is not the same as B.A and B are different in every respect. A is distinguished from B in that......A is inferior / superior to B.A is X times more than B.A is X times the size of B.A is the lightest, however, B is the heaviest.

　　8 一邊倒順接法

　　支持兩個(gè)或多個(gè)觀點(diǎn)中的一個(gè)，并只對(duì)其展開(kāi)論述。

　　基本結(jié)構(gòu)：First......Second....../ In the first place...... In the second place / To begin with..... secondly...... Finally...... / First and foremost.......Furthermore...... In addition......

　　推薦結(jié)構(gòu)：For one thing...... For another...... On one hand...... On the other hand...... It goes without saying...... Moreover......

　　原因類(lèi)文章結(jié)構(gòu)：

　　The most immediate reason...... An equally important reason...... An additional reason......

　　9 兩邊倒逆接法

　　分別列舉出對(duì)同一事物或現(xiàn)象的反對(duì)及支持的觀點(diǎn)，并加以闡述。

　　While there is a great deal of enthusiasm over the advantage of the Internet, its shortcomings shouldn’t be neglected.

　　Supporters of such an opinion hold that......

　　Opponents of such practice argue that......

　　10 人以群分法

　　通過(guò)分類(lèi)提出不同人或事物的觀點(diǎn)。

　　方法一：兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)

　　Concerns from parents and school are very obvious. Parents hope their children put more efforts on study. Moreover, schools promulgate various rules to forbid such bad habits.

　　方法二： 人群分類(lèi) / 物群分類(lèi)

　　Some books are indeed misleading. They include many harmful ideas or even illegal contents to young people. Some books even have erotic descriptions, which is of great danger to the growth of the teenagers.

　　方法三：相互關(guān)系

　　We can say that language is a part of culture, and plays a very important role in it. Indeed, some scientists say language is the keystone of culture. On the other hand, language is influenced or even shaped by culture.

　　11 反復(fù)論證法

　　通過(guò)遞進(jìn)或強(qiáng)調(diào)一種觀點(diǎn)而否定另一種來(lái)達(dá)到展開(kāi)段落的目的。

　　方法一：不該……而應(yīng)該……

　　As far as I am concerned no one shouldn’t be obliged to change his / her hobby unless it has caused harm to others. People, whether they are old or young, should have the right of deciding their own hobby.

　　方法二： 不是……而是……

　　The advancement of language does not hinder the development of culture. On the contrary, it accelerates the development of culture.

　　12 讓步論證法

　　是指先承認(rèn)一種觀點(diǎn)是正確的，再通過(guò)反面論證其不合理性來(lái)達(dá)到展開(kāi)段落的目的。

　　You can earn much benefits by cheating people without any feelings of guilty. Because you feel satisfied and contented. But if the person who has been cheated is one of your family members, can you still cheer up for it?