Moreover, insofar as any interpretation of its author can be made from the five or six plays attributed to him, the Wake field Master is uniformly considered to be a man of sharp contemporary observation. He was, formally, perhaps clerically educated, as his Latin and music, his Biblical and patristic lore indicate. He is, still, celebrated mainly for his quick sympathy for the oppressed and forgotten man, his sharp eye for character, a ready ear for colloquial vernacular turns of speech and a humor alternately rude and boisterous, coarse and happy. Hence despite his conscious artistry as manifest in his feeling for intricate metrical and stanza forms, he is looked upon as a kind of medieval Steinbeck, indignantly angry at, uncompromisingly and even brutally realistic in presenting the plight of the agricultural poor.

　　Thus taking the play and the author together, it is mow fairly conventional to regard the former as a kind of ultimate point in the secularization of the medieval drama. Hence much emphasis on it as depicting realistically humble manners and pastoral life in the bleak hills of the West Riding of Yorkshire on a typically cold bight of December 24th. After what are often regarded as almost “documentaries” given in the three successive monologues of the three shepherds, critics go on to affirm that the realism is then intensified into a burlesque mock-treatment of the Nativity. Finally as a sort of epilogue or after-thought in deference to the Biblical origins of the materials, the play slides back into an atavistic mood of early innocent reverence. Actually, as we shall see, the final scene is not only the culminating scene but perhaps the raison d’etre of introductory “realism.”

　　There is much on the surface of the present play to support the conventional view of its mood of secular realism. All the same, the “realism” of the Wakefield Master is of a paradoxical turn. His wide knowledge of people, as well as books indicates no cloistered contemplative but one in close relation to his times. Still, that life was after all a predominantly religious one, a time which never neglected the belief that man was a rebellious and sinful creature in need of redemption, So deeply (one can hardly say “naively” of so sophisticated a writer) and implicitly religious is the Master that he is less able (or less willing) to present actual history realistically than is the author of the Brome “Abraham and Isaac”. His historical sense is even less realistic than that of Chaucer who just a few years before had done for his own time costume romances, such as The Knight’s Tale, Troilus and Cressida, etc. Moreover Chaucer had the excuse of highly romantic materials for taking liberties with history.

　　1. Which of the following statements about the Wakefield Master is NOT True?

　　[A]. He was Chaucer’s contemporary.

　　[B]. He is remembered as the author of five or six realistic plays.

　　[C]. He write like John Steinbeck.

　　[D]. HE was an accomplished artist.

　　2. By “patristic”, the author means

　　[A]. realistic. [B]. patriotic

　　[C]. superstitious. [C]. pertaining to the Christian Fathers.

　　3. The statement about the “secularization of the medieval drama” refers to the

　　[A]. introduction of mundane matters in religious plays.

　　[B]. presentation of erudite material.

　　[C]. use of contemporary introduction of religious themes in the early days.

　　4. In subsequent paragraphs, we may expect the writer of this passage to

　　[A]. justify his comparison with Steinbeck.

　　[B]. present a point of view which attack the thought of the second paragraph.

　　[C]. point out the anachronisms in the play.

　　[D]. discuss the works of Chaucer.

　　Vocabulary

　　1. clerically educated 受過教會教育的

　　2. lore 口頭傳說，口頭文字

　　3. patristic 有關(guān)早期基督教領(lǐng)袖的

　　4. vernacular 方言

　　5. boisterous 喧鬧的

　　6. metrical 韻律的

　　7. stanza 詩節(jié)

　　8. medieval 中世紀(jì)的

　　9. plight 悲慘的命運(yùn)

　　10. secularization 世俗化，脫離教會

　　11. pastoral 鄉(xiāng)村的

　　12. bleak 荒涼的

　　13. documentary 記錄文獻(xiàn)的

　　14. monologue 獨(dú)白

　　15. burlesque 詼諧或游戲詩文的，諷刺或滑稽的

　　16. Nativity 基督的誕生

　　17. epilogue 收場白

　　18. deference 敬意，尊重

　　19. atavistic 返祖的，隔代遺傳的

　　20. slide back to 滑回，這里指返回