Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word.

　　Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET l.

　　Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations，(1) ___to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique Can dramatically affect educational achievement.

　　The survey of 6 children and adults，ranking from pre-school t0 0-plus，also suggests(2) ___pen—holding techniques have deteriorated sharply over one generation，with teachers now paying far(3) ___attention to correct pen grip and handwriting style.

　　Stephanie Thomas，a learning support teacher(4)—___findings have been published，was inspired to investigate this area(5) ___he noticed that those students who had the most trouble with spelling(6) ___had a poor pen grip.While Mr.Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link(7) ___pen—holing style and accuracy in spelling，he(8) ___find huge differences in technique between the young children and the mature adults，and a definite(9) ___between near—point gripping and slow，illegible writing.

　　People who(10) ___—their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics(11) ___inhibit learning，(12) ___as poor posture，leaning too(13) ___to the desk，using four fingers to grip the penn(14) ___than three，and clumsy positioning of the thumb(which can obscure(15)——is being written).

　　Mr.Thomas believes that the(16) ___between elder and younger writers is(17) ___too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow(18) ___.He attributes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods，pointing out that the differences between(19) ___groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties.“The 0-year- old showed a huge diversity of grips，(20) ___me over 0s group all had a uniform‘tripod’grip.”

　　答案精解

　　參考譯文

　　根據(jù)一項(xiàng)對于握筆姿勢大幅影響考試成績的調(diào)查，那些握筆十分靠近筆尖的學(xué)生很可能在考試中處于劣勢。

　　本次調(diào)查涉及6人，從學(xué)齡前兒童到0多歲的成年人，調(diào)查表明握筆技術(shù)在一代人的時(shí)間里大幅退步，現(xiàn)在的老師已經(jīng)不像以前那樣重視糾正學(xué)生的握筆姿勢和書寫方式了。

　　斯蒂芬尼·托馬斯是一名助教，已經(jīng)發(fā)表了他的發(fā)現(xiàn)，在他注意到那些拼寫有困難的學(xué)生握筆習(xí)慣也不好的時(shí)候，受到啟發(fā)開始調(diào)查這一領(lǐng)域。雖然托馬斯先生不能在握筆方式和拼寫正確性之間建立明確的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)關(guān)聯(lián)，但是他卻發(fā)現(xiàn)小孩子和成人之間的握筆技術(shù)有很大的差別，而握筆靠近筆尖與緩慢而難以辨認(rèn)的書寫之間存在明確關(guān)聯(lián)。

　　握筆靠近筆尖的人也顯示出了其他的一些妨礙學(xué)習(xí)的特點(diǎn)，如坐姿很差、太靠近桌子、用個(gè)手指而不是個(gè)手指握筆和大拇指位置放得不對(這會(huì)使寫的字跡模糊)。

　　托馬斯先生認(rèn)為，對比老年人和年輕人的書寫太過明顯不能簡單得出人年齡越大字寫得越好的說法。他認(rèn)為這是因?yàn)闆]有教授最有效的方法，并指出不同年齡段的人之間寫字的不同恰巧出現(xiàn)在60年代課堂里放棄對寫字的指導(dǎo)之后�！�0歲的人表現(xiàn)出非常不同的握筆方式，而超過0歲的人統(tǒng)一都用只手指握筆”。