Part D

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET.

　　56) Fathers exposed to poisonous substances are probably just as likely to be the cause of defects in their unborn infants as mothers. Yet it is women who are told to stop drinking and smoking and to look after their health when they are pregnant. And it is women who find that they are banned from jobs where they are exposed to harmful chemicals or radiation.57) Despite a growing body of scientific evidence that a man' s exposure to damaging substances can. affect his offspring, pregnant women are still charged with the responsibility of keeping their infants healthy, said Gladys Friedler, of the Boston university School of Medicine. "This is puzzling", she said. "Most of the workforce is still male, so why do we still spend so much time looking at women? The health of men as well as women should be of concern. "

　　In the US,2,500,000 children are born with birth defects each year. In 60 percent of cases the origin of the defect is not known.58) These figures do not include less obvious problems that appear later in development, such as biochemical malfunctions and behavioral problems.

　　Many researchers still seem reluctant to contemplate that a man' s environment can influence the health of children. "If the effects had not been so obvious, we might still be reluctant to acknowledge the effect of environmental agents on women. " Despite this, there is a reluctance to accept the accumulated evidence of men' s effects on development, she said.59) Some companies have already taken steps to "protect the unborn child" by excluding women from jobs where they teps to "protect the unborn child" by excluding women from jobs where they might be exposed to dangerous substances. This has led to some bitter disputes between the women and their employers in the US. The most famous case, now before the Supreme Court, pits a group of women and their union against Johnson Controls, a company which makes batteries.60) The company transferred women from higher-paying jobs where they were exposed to lead on the grounds that it had to protect unborn children. The irony is that children born to men working in the factory are probably just as much at risk.