2018年公共英語(yǔ)三級(jí)試卷：英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用（2）

　　In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.

　　In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (專制的) managers.

　　Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.

　　A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授權(quán)) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.

　　Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65

　　of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.

　　51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike

　　52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme

　　53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise

　　54. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above

　　55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging

　　56. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply

　　57. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression

　　58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male

　　59. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing

　　60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating

　　61. A. honoured B. left C. crowded D. compared

　　62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally

　　63. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure

　　64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene

　　65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness

　　【答案】

　　51. D 52. A 53. B 54. D 55. C 56. B 57. A 58. D 59. A 60. C

　　61. B 62. B 63. D 64. A 65. C

　　【解析】

　　試題分析：本文是說(shuō)明文，作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯·麥克雷戈所提出的人性假設(shè)理論中的X理論和Y理論，并介紹了現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中一種新型管理理論：授權(quán)管理及其作用。

　　51.D 考查上下文串聯(lián)。根據(jù)后半句“....will do anything to avoid it”可知很多人為了避免工作而愿意做任何事情，說(shuō)明那些人大多數(shù)人生性都是懶惰的，都不愿意工作，他們盡可能地逃避工作。故D項(xiàng)正確。

　　52.A 考查上下文串聯(lián)。短語(yǔ)to the contrary相反的;to the degree在某種程度上;to the extreme走向極端;在文章第一段中提到了X理論，大多數(shù)人都缺乏進(jìn)取心和責(zé)任心，不愿對(duì)人和事負(fù)責(zé)，沒(méi)有什么雄心壯志，不喜歡負(fù)責(zé)任，寧可被領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。而Y理論認(rèn)為大多數(shù)人愿意對(duì)工作、對(duì)他人負(fù)責(zé)，人們?cè)敢鈱?shí)行自我管理和自我控制來(lái)完成應(yīng)當(dāng)完成的目標(biāo)。這是兩種完全相反的理論，盡管對(duì)于這兩種完全相反的理論有很多的證據(jù)，很多管理人仍然同意X理論。故A正確。

　　53.B 考查上下文串聯(lián)。本句中for example表示舉例說(shuō)明;這些管理人仍然同意X理論，例如他們認(rèn)為如果要員工效率高，就需要給與他們不斷的監(jiān)督。這屬于X理論的舉例說(shuō)明。故B正確。

　　54.D 考查上下文串聯(lián)。根據(jù)后句“...makes for authoritarian managers....”可知這屬于專制的管理方法，他們的決定是來(lái)自上而下的，沒(méi)有任何商量的余地。故D項(xiàng)“above上面的”正確。

　　55.C 考查上下文串聯(lián)。根據(jù)前段可知本文討論的管理學(xué)的理論，使用本句使用動(dòng)詞“manage管理”，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。而且和下文中亞洲、西方的管理方法形成呼應(yīng)。故C正確。

　　56.B 考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析。短語(yǔ)refer to提到，談到;contribute to做貢獻(xiàn);導(dǎo)致;object to反對(duì);apply to適用于;亞洲人使用的是協(xié)商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求對(duì)管理的過(guò)程做出自己的貢獻(xiàn)。故B正確。

　　57.A 考查上下文串聯(lián)。名詞agreement同意;practice練習(xí)，做法;election選舉;impression印象;亞洲人使用協(xié)商式的管理方法，這種方法是建立在共同的協(xié)議基礎(chǔ)之上的，西方人也想學(xué)習(xí)這樣的管理方法。故A正確。

　　58.D 考查上下文串聯(lián)。根據(jù)前半句“....women will become more effective managers than men....”可知有些專家認(rèn)為女性比男性管理更高效。因?yàn)榕�性更有親和力，比男性管理人更容易與別人達(dá)成一致的目標(biāo)。故D正確。

　　59.A 考查上下文串聯(lián)。根據(jù)前句“... encourage employees to use their own initiative...鼓勵(lì)員工使用自己的首創(chuàng)精神”，也就是說(shuō)在做出決定的時(shí)候不要請(qǐng)示上級(jí)經(jīng)理，自己做出決定即可。故A項(xiàng)正確。

　　60.C 考查上下文串聯(lián)。根據(jù)前句“the trend towards downsizing縮小規(guī)模的趨勢(shì)”，也就是要減少管理層的數(shù)量，可以直接做出決定而不需要請(qǐng)示上級(jí)。故動(dòng)詞“reduce減少”符合上下文串聯(lián)。

　　61.B 考查短語(yǔ)辨析辨析。動(dòng)詞be honored with被授予;be left with留下，剩下;be crowded with擠滿;be compared with與..相比;通過(guò)這種方法，公司只剩下高層管理者和前線的與公眾直接聯(lián)系的一線管理人。省略了很多中央環(huán)節(jié)，提高了管理的效益。故B正確。

　　62.B 考查副詞辨析。副詞economically經(jīng)濟(jì)地;traditionally傳統(tǒng)地;inadequately不充分地;occasionally偶爾地;根據(jù)后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management...”可知授權(quán)管理是一個(gè)新型的管理方法，與傳統(tǒng)的管理模式不一樣。故B正確。

　　63.D 考查動(dòng)詞辨析。動(dòng)詞deny否認(rèn);admit承認(rèn);assume假定，設(shè)想;ensure保證，確保;

　　考點(diǎn)：考查說(shuō)明文閱讀