2017考研英語語法小講：過去完成時(shí)

　　一律用had + 過去分詞構(gòu)成。

　　用法：

　　1)表示發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前的事情，即“過去的過去”。用過去完成時(shí)，必須有一個(gè)過去的時(shí)間或動(dòng)作來作參照，說明在此之前某事已發(fā)生。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都是在過去發(fā)生的，先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的用一般過去時(shí)。例如：

　　She told me she had been there three times before. 她告訴我她以前到過那里三次。(“去過”發(fā)生在“告訴”之前)

　　How long had he taught here by the end of last term? 到上學(xué)期末為止，他在這里教學(xué)多長時(shí)間啦? (“教學(xué)”發(fā)生在上學(xué)期末結(jié)束之前)

　　When we arrived, the football match had already begun. 我們到的時(shí)候，足球賽已經(jīng)開始了。

　　She had visited China twice before she came this year. 她今年來中國之前已訪問過中國兩次了。

　　2)過去完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞可以表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，這一動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到過去這一時(shí)刻或?qū)⒗^續(xù)下去。例如：

　　By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years. 到上月中旬，我已在北京住了五年了。

　　By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours. 到六點(diǎn)為止，他們已工作八小時(shí)了。

　　When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time. 我到上海時(shí)，他在那里很長時(shí)間了。

　　3)過去完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞常用于間接引語和虛擬語氣，我們以后會(huì)詳細(xì)講述。

　　4)此外，過去完成時(shí)常用于 no sooner…than… 和 hardly(scarcely) …when… 這兩個(gè)句型，前面部分用過去完成時(shí)，后面部分用一般過去時(shí)。例如：

　　No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. = He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. 他剛偷到錢包就被當(dāng)場抓獲。

　　Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured. = Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured. 薩達(dá)姆還沒有意識(shí)到在發(fā)生什么事情就被抓獲了。