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      2017年考研英語閱讀理解精讀TEXT15

      來源:華課網(wǎng)校  [2016年10月6日]  【

        The animaldissection requirement of biology classes has been getting under the skin of studentsfor generations, and there have always been some who asked to be excused fromthe requirement. Now, a growing number of technological alternatives are makingit possible for students to swap that scalpel for a computer mouse. There arelaws in nearly a dozen states-including California, Florida, New Jersey, andNew York-protecting a student’s choice to learn about animal anatomy sans scalpel. Some studentschoosing to opt out feel we should be kinder to our web-footed friends. Othersare just queasy at the thought of rubbery frog bodies and the smell offormaldehyde.

        "Dissectionis icky. There’s a yuck factor," admits Brian Shmaefsky, a board member with theNational Association of Biology Teachers. "And a teacher has to weigh thebenefits with the cost of students being offended to the point that itinterferes with learning."

        Virtualblades. So for cases in which a real dissection would be too slimy, it’s time to try some toad tech.While the first computer-based alternatives to dissection emerged in the 1980s,modern frog dissection software can be found at different websites. Thesesoftware programs use creative clicking, high-powered zoom functions, and videoclips to teach anatomy. Froguts software, for example, lets students traceincision lines with a computer mouse and snip through skin with a virtualblade. There are even sound effects like a "slish" for slicing frogflesh, or a "shwoosh" for pinning down skin flaps. (Schools currentlypay about $300 for a one-year software license, though some organizations willlend programs out free of charge.)

        Earlier thisyear, a graduate student from Simon Fraser University in Vancouver designed thefirst-ever haptic (the Greek word for "touch") frog dissectionprogram, which uses a penlike tool to create a sensation similar to cuttinginto real flesh. The hand-held device connects to a computer, and students movethe device through the air while watching the results of their actions on acomputer screen.

        With DigitalFrog-a popular program that’s had approximately 1,500 frog demo downloads since January and iscurrently in use in 2,000 schools-students can add or subtract those amphibiousorgans with a mere mouse click. They can then assess their learning withsporadic frog anatomy quizzes.

        "Repetitionis helpful. The fact that a student can review sections of a program over andover again is important," says Martin Stephens, vice president for animalresearch issues at the Humane Society of the United States. "Indissections, the animal’s organs are all shriveled and discolored. You look for things and can’t find them because body partshave changed drastically since the animal was killed. But on a computer screen,layers can be digitally peeled away." Other experts think the dissectiontechnology has its limits. Gerry Wheeler, executive director of the NationalScience Teachers Association, says that artificial simulations don’t give as enriching an experienceas the real thing. Still others worry the programs are depriving kids ofexperiential learning.

        1. Theword "swap" (Line 3, Paragraph ) most probably means_____.

        [A] exchange

        [B] throwaway

        [C] reject

        [D] refuse

        2. Somestudents ask to be excused from the requirement of biology classes because ofthe following reason except that_____.

        [A]dissection consists of disgusting procedures and unpleasant smells.

        [B] they areentitled to reject dissection requirement given the legal regulation

        [C] they areoffended when fulfilling the requirements of animal dissection

        [D] theyinsist that people should treat animals more as friends instead of simplyobjects

        3.Brian Shmaefsky’s statement implies that_____.

        [A] he indeedsupports the students’ animal protection movement

        [B] he thinksthe animal dissection should be banned

        [C] he thinksthe animal dissection may not be good for students to learn biology effectively

        [D] he alwaysevaluate the teaching effect by weighing reluctant factors of cost and effect

        4.Compared with the real dissection,the dissection on computer has the following advantages except_____.

        [A] It hasauthentic sound effect like a "slish" or "shwoosh" .

        [B] there isa sensation of always dealing with fresh and recognizable organs.

        [C] Theprocess can be repeated so that students can gather better insight of theanimal structure.

        [D] Studentscan take quizzes with the software to evaluate the learning effect

        5.The author’s attitude towards the toad techcan be said to be_____.

        [A]supportive

        [B] doubtful

        [C] objective

        [D] biased

        文章剖析:

        這篇文章介紹了一種可以替代生物課解剖的電腦程序。第一段講述傳統(tǒng)解剖的弊端,引出解剖科技替代品;第二段是一位委員對傳統(tǒng)解剖的看法;第三段講述電腦解剖的效果;第四段、第五段介紹了兩個電腦解剖程序;第六段講述電腦解剖的優(yōu)點和局限性。

        詞匯注釋:

        dissection n.解剖

        swap v. 交換

        scalpel n. 解剖刀

        queasy adj. 不安的,易惡心的

        formaldehyden. 甲醛

        incision n. 切割,切口

        icky adj.粘得討厭的

        yuck n. 討厭

        slimy adj. 粘糊糊的

        toad n. 蟾蜍,癩蛤蟆

        haptic adj.觸覺的

        demo n. 示范樣品

        amphibiousadj. 兩棲的

        sporadic adj.零星的,時有時無的

        shrivel v.(使)起皺紋, (使)枯萎, (使)束手無策

        難句突破:

        (1) Earlier this year, a graduate student from Simon FraserUniversity in Vancouver designed the first-ever haptic (the Greek word for"touch") frog dissection program, which uses a penlike tool to createa sensation similar to cutting into real flesh.

        [主體句式] A graduate designed the program.

        [結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 這是一個簡單句,earlier this year是做整個句子的狀語,后面which 引導的菲限定性定語從句是用來修飾program的。

        [句子譯文] 在今年年初,溫哥華西蒙·弗雷澤大學一位研究生設(shè)計出了第一個haptic(希臘詞為"觸覺")青蛙解剖程序。這個程序用一種類似筆的工具創(chuàng)造出一種類似于切割真正皮肉的感覺。

        (2) With Digital Frog-a popular program that’s hadapproximately 1,500 frog demo downloads since January and is currently in usein 2,000 schools-students can add or subtract those amphibious organs with amere mouse click.

        [主體句式] Students can add or subtract...

        [結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 這是一個簡單句,前面with Digital Frog是方式狀語,破折號之間的是用來解釋Digital Frog的,可以看作是同位語;破折號之間的這個成分中,that 引導的定語從句修飾program,這個從句是由兩個并列的句子構(gòu)成的,以and連接。

        [句子譯文] "電子青蛙"是一種很受歡迎的程序,自一月份以來有大約1500個青蛙示范樣品下載,現(xiàn)在用于2000所學校。學生們只需用鼠標點擊就可以加上或切除兩棲器官。

        題目分析:

        1. The word "swap" (Line 3, Paragraph 1 ) most probablymeans_____.1. "swap" (第一段第三行)最有可能的意思是_____。

        [A] exchange[A] 交換

        [B] throw away[B] 拋棄

        [C] reject[C] 丟棄

        [D] refuse[D] 拒絕

        [答案]A

        [難度系數(shù)] ☆☆

        [分析] 猜詞題。上文提到,有一些學生要求不做這種解剖,那么現(xiàn)在有許多科技替代物使得這個成為現(xiàn)實,就是用計算機鼠標來替代解剖刀,下文也提到了用電腦程序來代替真正的用解剖刀進行的實驗。因此,正確答案為A。

        2. Some students ask to be excused from the requirement of biologyclasses because of the following reason except that_____.2. 一些學生要求免于生物課的要求是因為除了選項_____外以下的原因。

        [A] dissection consists of disgusting procedures and unpleasant smells.[A]解剖的過程很惡心且氣味難聞。

        [B] they are entitled to reject dissection requirement given thelegal regulation[B] 有相應法律允許他們拒絕修解剖課程。

        [C] they are offended when fulfilling the requirement of animaldissection[C] 他們在上動物解剖課時感覺受到自己受到了冒犯。

        [D] they insist people should treat animals more as friends insteadof simply objects[D] 他們堅持認為人們對待動物應該更像朋友而不是客觀物體。

        [答案]B

        [難度系數(shù)] ☆☆☆☆

        [分析] 推理題。文章第一段提到,一些學生選擇不做是因為他們感到應到對這種動物友好些,另外是因為想到青蛙的身體、聞到甲醛的味道就感到惡心。因此,答案A、D 是原因,答案B并不是他們不愿意做解剖的原因,而是因為他們不愿意做才有了相關(guān)法律保護他們的這種權(quán)利。答案C包含了A和D兩個選項。因此,答案為B。

        3.Brian Shmaefsky’s statement implies that_____.3. Brian Shmaefsky的話意味著_____。

        [A] he indeed support the students’ animal protectionmovement.[A] 他實際上支持學生們的保護動物運動

        [B] he thinks the animal dissection should be banned[B] 他認為應當禁止動物解剖考試大收集整理

        [C] he thinks the animal dissection may not be good for students tolearn biology effectively[C] 他認為動物解剖不一定有利于學生有效地學習生物

        [D] he always evaluate the teaching effect by weighing relevantfactors of cost and effect[D] 他總是通過衡量相關(guān)的成本及產(chǎn)出等因素來衡量教學效果

        [答案]C

        [難度系數(shù)] ☆☆☆

        [分析] 推理題。Brian Shmaefsky的話分為兩部分:解剖粘糊糊的,比較討厭;老師應該衡量一下學生如果感覺到受到冒犯,甚至影響到了學習那就得不償失了。前半句也是為后面的服務,又根據(jù)他是國家生物教師協(xié)會成員,那么應該是針對對學生學習,他覺得這種解剖有時會阻礙學生學習。答案C符合題意。答案D并不是他想要表達的意思;B他并沒有表示出這一點來;而A選項在文章中則沒有得到明確的體現(xiàn)。

        4.Compared with the real dissection, the dissection on computer hasthe following advantages except_____.4. 相對于真正的解剖,電腦解剖有以下的優(yōu)點,但_____除外。

        [A] It has authentic sound effect like a "slish" or"shwoosh" .[A] 它可以有真實的聲音效果,如發(fā)出"嘶""嗤"的聲音。

        [B] there is a sensation of always dealing with fresh andrecognizable organs.[B] 軟件給人的感覺是這些動物器官都是新鮮的,且易于辨認。

        [C] The process can be repeated so that students can gather betterinsight of the animal structure.[C] 解剖過程可以重復,以便于學生們能夠更加深入地了解動物的結(jié)構(gòu)。

        [D] Students can take quizzes with the software to evaluate thelearning effect[D] 學生可以用軟件中的一些測驗來評估他們的學習效果。

        [答案]A

        [難度系數(shù)] ☆☆☆

        [分析] 細節(jié)題。題目要求找出電腦解剖相對于傳統(tǒng)解剖的優(yōu)點所在,選項A是電腦模仿實際解剖的聲音效果,而這種聲音本身在實際解剖中也有存在,因此只是一種摹仿,并不是電腦的高超之處。B在文章第六段提到,說動物的器官都是枯萎的、沒有顏色的。你想要找到什么,可是最終沒能找到,因為動物被殺死后身體部分改變很大。但是在電腦屏幕上,身體每一層都可以電子式地剝下來。C在第六段也提到了,說可以重復,這樣學生就可以復習。D在第五段中提到。因此,答案為A。

        5.The author’s attitude towards the toad tech can be said to be_____.5. 作者對于這種解剖科技的態(tài)度可以說是_____。

        [A] supportive[A] 支持的

        [B] doubtful[B] 懷疑的

        [C] objective[C] 客觀的

        [D] biased[D] 有偏見的

        [答案] A

        [難度系數(shù)] ☆

        [分析] 態(tài)度題。在這篇文章中,作者介紹了生物課上解剖的替代物--電腦解剖程序,雖然在文章最后一段作者也提到了這種替代物的局限,但是整篇文章來看作者都是一種贊賞的態(tài)度,列舉了這種方法的優(yōu)點。因此,其態(tài)度是支持的,選A。

        參考譯文:

        世世代代生物課上的動物解剖要求都是要割開皮膚,經(jīng)常有人要求免于這種要求。目前,日益增多的科技替代品使得學生們可以用一個電腦鼠標來替代解剖刀。幾乎十幾個州中(包括加利福尼亞州、佛羅里達州、新澤西州和紐約州)都有相關(guān)法律,保證學生可以選擇不用解剖刀就可以學習動物解剖。一些選擇不用解剖刀的學生認為我們對這些翼手的朋友也應該友善一些。而還有一些人一想到青蛙有彈性的身體和甲醛氣味就感到惡心。

        "解剖粘糊糊的,挺討厭的。"國家生物教師聯(lián)合會管理委員會委員布Brian Shmaefsky承認。老師必須得衡量一下學生感覺到被冒犯甚至影響到學習這個弊端。

        虛擬刀片。因此如果真正的解剖太粘糊糊的話,那么是時候該試試一些蛤蟆科技了。第一種基于電腦的解剖替代品出現(xiàn)在20世紀80年代,而現(xiàn)代的青蛙解剖軟件可以在許多不同的網(wǎng)站找到。這些軟件程序用富有創(chuàng)意的點擊、高性能的縮放功能以及視頻片斷來教授解剖。比如說 "青蛙內(nèi)臟"軟件可以讓學生使用鼠標就可以順著切口線用一把虛擬解剖刀切開青蛙皮膚。甚至還有聲音效果,在劃開青蛙身體時有"嘶"的一聲,或是釘下皮膚組織時"嗤"的一聲。(現(xiàn)在學校為軟件一年的許可證支付300美元,而有的組織還免費借出程序。)

        在今年年初,溫哥華西蒙·弗雷澤大學一位研究生設(shè)計出了第一個haptic(希臘詞為"觸覺")青蛙解剖程序。這個程序用一種類似筆的工具創(chuàng)造出一種類似于切割真正皮肉的感覺。這種手持工具連接到電腦,學生在空氣中移動該工具,同時可以通過電腦屏幕可以觀看他們動作的結(jié)果。

        "電子青蛙"是一種很受歡迎的程序,自一月份以來有大約1500個青蛙示范樣品下載,現(xiàn)在用于2000所學校。學生們只需用鼠標點擊就可以加上或切除兩棲器官,然后還可以不時用分散的青蛙解剖測試來檢查自己學習的效果。

        "重復是有幫助的,事實是學生可以一遍又一遍地回顧程序的各個部分,這是重要的。"美國保護動物協(xié)會動物研究事務副主任馬丁·斯蒂芬斯這樣說,"在解剖中,動物的器官都是枯萎的、沒有顏色的。你想要找到什么,可是最終沒能找到,因為動物被殺死后身體部分改變很大。但是在電腦屏幕上,身體每一層都可以電子式地剝下來。" 其他專家認為解剖技術(shù)有其局限性。國家科學教師協(xié)會執(zhí)行理事格里·惠勒稱虛擬演示并不能像真正解剖那樣提供一種豐富的經(jīng)驗。也有其他人擔心這些程序會剝奪孩子們的實踐學習。

      責編:tanhuifang

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