Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.

　　First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(蘇格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

　　This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals—the average scientist for one. (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties—he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.

　　The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (50) They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing; living in “public and industrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, is something else.

　　重點詞匯：

　　intellectual：

　　adj 1 [通常作定語] of the intellect 智力的;理智的：【例】the intellectual faculties 智能。

　　2 of, interested in or able to deal with things of the mind (eg the arts, ideas for their own sake) rather than practical matters 思維的, 善思考的, 能運用聰明才智的(如藝術(shù)、思想等方面，并非指實際事情)：【例】intellectual people 善思考的人;intellectual interests, pursuits, etc 需用腦力的愛好、 研究等。

　　n intellectual person 知識分子; 腦力勞動者：【例】 a play, book, etc for intellectuals 以知識分子為對象的劇、書等。

　　plead ：/ pli:d; plid/

　　v 1 ~ (with sb) (for sth) make repeated urgent requests (to sb) (for sth) 再三懇求或請求(某人)(做某事)：【例】plead for mercy 祈求發(fā)慈悲; He pleaded with his parents for a more understanding attitude. 他求父母多加諒解。

　　2 offer (sth) as an explanation or excuse, esp for failing to do sth or for doing sth wrong 提出(理由或藉口)(尤指因未做某事或做錯某事)：【例】They asked him to pay for the damage but he pleaded poverty. 他們要他付損害賠償金, 但他藉口貧窮而不償還。

　　3 ~ for/against sb (law 律) (of a lawyer) speak to a lawcourt (on behalf of the plaintiff/defendant)(指律師)(在法庭上為原告[被告])提出申訴、答辯或辯護。

　　4 (law 律) present (a case) to a court of law 向法庭陳述(案情)：【例】 They employed the best lawyer they could get to plead their case. 他們聘請了能請到的最好的律師為他們陳述案情。

　　5 (law 律) put (sth) forward as the basis of a case in a court of law (on behalf of sb) (代表某人)向法庭提出(某事)(作為案件的基礎(chǔ))：【例】Counsel for the accused said that he intended to plead insanity, ie that his client was insane and therefore not responsible for his actions. 被告的律師說他想提出案發(fā)時被告精神失常這一理由, 為被告不需負(fù)法律責(zé)任進行辯護。

　　6 ~ (for) sth argue in support of sth; support (a cause) by argument 極力主張; 以辯論支持(某事業(yè))：【例】plead for the modernization of the city's public transport 力主城市公共交通現(xiàn)代化。

　　【形】pleadingly in a begging or an imploring manner 懇求地;乞求地

　　【名】pleadings (律) (原告的)訴狀;被告的)答辯狀

　　consciously：adv.

　　【形】conscious

　　1 knowing what is going on around one because one is able to use bodily senses and mental powers; awake 感覺到的; 意識到的; 清醒的: 【例】He was in a coma for days, but now he's (fully) conscious again. 他昏迷了幾天, 但現(xiàn)在又(完全)清醒了。

　　2 ~ of sth/that... aware; noticing 知道的; 察覺的; 注意到的：【例】be conscious of being watched/that one is being watched 察覺有人在監(jiān)視自己

　　3 (of actions, feelings, etc) realized by oneself; intentional (指行為、 感情等)自覺的; 蓄意的： 【例】One's conscious motives are often different from one's subconscious ones. 一個人有明顯動機的舉動跟下意識的舉動往往截然不同。

　　4 being particularly aware of and interested in the thing mentioned 對所提到的事物具有深刻認(rèn)識和濃厚興趣的：【例】trying to make the workers more politically conscious 努力提高工人的政治覺悟。

　　【名】consciousness

　　[U] 1 (a) state of being conscious(1) 知覺; 清醒狀態(tài)：【例】The blow caused him to lose consciousness. 那一擊打得他失去了知覺. (b) ~ (of sth/that...) state of being aware; awareness 明了; 覺悟：【例】my consciousness of her needs 我對她的需求的了解。

　　2 all the ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc of a person or people 意識： 【例】attitudes that are deeply ingrained in the English consciousness 深深扎根於英國人意識中的看法。

　　articulate

　　adj 1 (of a person) able to express one's ideas clearly in words (指人)能用詞語把意思表達清楚的：【例】She's unusually articulate for a ten-year-old. 對一個十歲的孩子來說, 她異乎尋常地能說會道。

　　2 (of speech) clearly pronounced (指講話)發(fā)音清晰的。

　　3 having joints 有關(guān)節(jié)的。

　　v 1 speak (sth) clearly and distinctly 清楚明白地說(某事)：【例】 I'm a little deaf please articulate (your words) carefully. 我有些耳背--請(把話)仔細(xì)說清楚。

　　2 [通常用於被動語態(tài)] ~ (sth) with sth form a joint or connect (sth) by joints with sth 形成關(guān)節(jié); (用關(guān)節(jié))連接：【例】bones that articulate/are articulated with others 以關(guān)節(jié)與其它骨骼相連的骨骼。

　　【副】articulately

　　【名】articulateness

　　in the light of 按照, 根據(jù), 當(dāng)作

　　analogous

　　adj ~ (to/with sth) partially similar or parallel; offering an analogy 類似的; 相似的： 【例】 The two processes are not analogous. 這兩種過程不相似。

　　encounter

　　v (fml 文) 1 meet or find oneself faced by (sth/sb unpleasant, dangerous, difficult, etc) 遇到或發(fā)現(xiàn)自己面臨(令人不快的、 危險的、 困難的...某事[某人])：【例】 I encountered many difficulties when I first started this job. 我開始做這項工作時, 遇到許多困難。

　　2 meet (a friend, etc) unexpectedly 邂逅(友人等)。

　　n ~ (with sb/sth) sudden or unexpected (esp hostile) meeting 突然的或意外的(尤指敵對的)相遇：【例】an encounter with an enemy 與敵人的遭遇。

　　ethic

　　n 1 system of moral principles; rules of conduct 道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn);行為準(zhǔn)則：【例】the Puritan ethic 清教徒的倫理觀

　　2 ethics n (a) [sing v] science that deals with morals 倫理學(xué)：【例】Ethics is a branch of philosophy. 倫理學(xué)是哲學(xué)的分科。 (b) [pl] moral correctness 道德規(guī)范：【例】The ethics of his decision are doubtful. 他的這一決定是否合乎道德規(guī)范值得懷疑。

　　【形】ethical

　　1 of morals or moral questions 道德的; 道德上的問題的：【例】largely an ethical problem 主要是道德問題

　　2 morally correct 合乎道德的：【例】His behavior has not been strictly ethical. 他的行為不太道德。

　　eminent

　　adj. 1(of a person) famous and distinguished (指人)著名的, 杰出的, 卓越的：【例】an eminent architect 杰出的建筑師

　　2 [通常作定語] (of qualities) remarkable; outstanding (指品質(zhì)、 特性)明顯的;顯著的;突出的：【例】a man of eminent goodness 品德優(yōu)良的人

　　【副】eminently

　　obviously; outstandingly 明顯地;顯著地;突出地：【例】She seems eminently suitable for the job. 她看來極適合做這項工作。