Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories __21__ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior __22__ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through __23__ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in __24__ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, __25__ as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, __26__ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes __27__ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are __28__ to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly __29__ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that __30__ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment __31__ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in __32__ lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also __33__ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; __34__, children are likely to have less supervision at home __35__ was common in the traditional family __36__. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __37__ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __38__ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing __39__ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, __40__ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established

　　1.[A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] cementing

　　2.[A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because

　　3.[A] interactions [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation

　　4.[A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response

　　5.[A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else

　　6.[A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding

　　7.[A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with

　　8.[A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject

　　9.[A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect

　　10.[A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount

　　11.[A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length

　　12.[A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence

　　13.[A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced

　　14.[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously

　　15.[A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as

　　16.[A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage

　　17.[A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible

　　18.[A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability

　　19.[A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity

　　20.[A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposing

　　參考答案：1-5. [C]. [D]. [A]. [D]. [A] 6-10. [B]. [C]. [D]. [A]. [B]

　　11-15. [A]. [C]. [D]. [B]. [A] 16-20. [B]. [B]. [D]. [A]. [C]