Directions:

　　Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

　　一、經(jīng)濟學(xué)史

　　Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select. (46) Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts.

　　Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. (47) The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.

　　The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments, (48) Because, according to Keynes, inadequate total demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.

　　Economic issues have occupied people’s minds throughout the ages. (49) Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote about problems of wealth, property, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced against commerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable. The Romans borrowed their economic ideas from the Greeks and showed the same contempt for trade. (50) During the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the Roman Catholic church were expressed in the law of the church, which condemned the taking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture.

　　Economics as a subject of modern study, distinguishable from moral philosophy and politics, dates from the work, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), by the Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith. Mercantilism and physiocracy were precursors of the classical economics of Smith and his 19th-century successors.

　　答案

　　46.其他領(lǐng)域的研究也有助于對此的理解：心理學(xué)和倫理學(xué)試圖解釋目標(biāo)是如何形成的，歷史記錄著人們所追求的目標(biāo)的變化，社會學(xué)則從社會環(huán)境的角度來解釋人們的行為。

　　47.第一個領(lǐng)域，價格理論或微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)，解釋在競爭的市場中供需間的相互作用是怎樣導(dǎo)致了大量的個別價格、工資率、利潤空間和租金的變化。

　　48.因為，按照凱恩斯的理論，不充分的總體需求會增加失業(yè)，建議的解決方式是企業(yè)擴大投資或政府增加開支，繼而增加預(yù)算赤字。

　　49.古希臘的亞里士多德和柏圖都在著作中談到財富、財產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易問題，兩人都對商業(yè)持有偏見，認(rèn)為靠生意來謀生是不足取的。

　　50.在中世紀(jì)，羅馬天主教會的經(jīng)濟學(xué)思想表達(dá)在其教法中，教法譴責(zé)從借貸中獲利的行為，并認(rèn)為商業(yè)地位劣于農(nóng)業(yè)。

　　總體分析

　　本文主要介紹了經(jīng)濟學(xué)的研究發(fā)展歷史。

　　第一段：經(jīng)濟學(xué)的定義及研究對象。

　　第二、三段：經(jīng)濟學(xué)的兩大領(lǐng)域：微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)和宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)。

　　第四、五段：經(jīng)濟學(xué)研究的古代和現(xiàn)代理論。