1、Artificial intelligence,or AI,is called artificial for a good reason.Facebook made that point last week by ending its attempt to rely heavily on software algorithms to select news items for its 2 billion users.It announced Jan.19 that the Facebook"community"will be asked to rank news outlets by their trustworthiness.This reader feedback will promote"high quality news that helps build a sense of common ground"in a world with"so much division,"said chief executive Mark Zuckerberg.The first surveys have started in the United States and will soon expand to other countries.The company plans to include the local news outlets of users in its surveys.Like many digital platforms that act as news providers,Facebook had great faith in a belief that programmed electrons in computer servers can discern qualities of thought such as trust,fairness,and honesty.Even in respected newsrooms,however,these traits of character require constant upkeep among journalists and feedback from paying customers.Good judgment on news relies on orders of consciousness beyond what a machine can do.Rather than move toward becoming a hands-on gatekeeper of news,Facebook now hopes its"diverse and representative"sampling of users can lead to a ranking of news outlets-and that would bring a measure of objectivity in its news feed.The company may be in the news business but it has chosen to outsource news credibility to the collective wisdom of individuals and their ability to distinguish truth from falsehood.By placing its trust in people as seekers of truth,Facebook could earn greater trust from its users.This is also a lesson for many companies,especially digital platforms or those in the media business.According to the latest survey of trust in institutions worldwide by Edelman communications firm,"media has become the least-trusted institution for the first time,"more so than other businesses or government.In particular,the US is"enduring an unprecedented crisis of trust"among many of its institutions,says Richard Edelman,president and CEO of Edelman."The root cause of this fall is the lack of objective facts and rational discourse,"he adds.Facebook's shift away from computer-driven news selection is a welcome step toward restoring trust in the overall business of news.This is not a new problem."Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper,"wrote Thomas Jefferson in 1807.Yet the Digital Age has forced the issue of trust for news providers.By inviting readers to participate in solving this problem,Facebook has itself set a new bar for earning trust. According to Paragraph 4,Facebook hopes to

　　A measure the objectivity of news feed on its own.

　　B improve its ability to tell truth from falsehood.

　　C shed off the responsibility of a news provider.

　　D outsource news credibility to its massive users.

　　正確答案：D  

　　答案解析：第四段指出，F(xiàn)acebook希望多元化、代表性的抽樣用戶對新聞機構(gòu)的排名將會給其新聞推送帶來客觀性。即：Facebook將新聞可信度外包給群體智慧。可見D.正確，outsource news credibilitv to its massive users是對outsource news credibility to the collective wisdom.的概括。[解題技巧]A.反向干擾，第四段①句以Rather than否定指出Facebook不是想成為新聞的親自把關(guān)者。B.將第四段末句their ability to distinguish truth from falsehood曲解為Facebook辨別真?zhèn)蔚哪芰�。但�?lián)系上文可知，此處的their指用戶(users)，且文中并未涉及這一能力的提升。C.將第四段末句的外包新聞可信度(outsource news credibility)過度引申為推卸責(zé)任(shed off responsibility)，結(jié)合上文可知，F(xiàn)acebook并非推卸責(zé)任，而是在新聞篩選上采用了新的方式，給用戶更大的權(quán)限。

　　2、Artificial intelligence,or AI,is called artificial for a good reason.Facebook made that point last week by ending its attempt to rely heavily on software algorithms to select news items for its 2 billion users.It announced Jan.19 that the Facebook"community"will be asked to rank news outlets by their trustworthiness.This reader feedback will promote"high quality news that helps build a sense of common ground"in a world with"so much division,"said chief executive Mark Zuckerberg.The first surveys have started in the United States and will soon expand to other countries.The company plans to include the local news outlets of users in its surveys.Like many digital platforms that act as news providers,Facebook had great faith in a belief that programmed electrons in computer servers can discern qualities of thought such as trust,fairness,and honesty.Even in respected newsrooms,however,these traits of character require constant upkeep among journalists and feedback from paying customers.Good judgment on news relies on orders of consciousness beyond what a machine can do.Rather than move toward becoming a hands-on gatekeeper of news,Facebook now hopes its"diverse and representative"sampling of users can lead to a ranking of news outlets-and that would bring a measure of objectivity in its news feed.The company may be in the news business but it has chosen to outsource news credibility to the collective wisdom of individuals and their ability to distinguish truth from falsehood.By placing its trust in people as seekers of truth,Facebook could earn greater trust from its users.This is also a lesson for many companies,especially digital platforms or those in the media business.According to the latest survey of trust in institutions worldwide by Edelman communications firm,"media has become the least-trusted institution for the first time,"more so than other businesses or government.In particular,the US is"enduring an unprecedented crisis of trust"among many of its institutions,says Richard Edelman,president and CEO of Edelman."The root cause of this fall is the lack of objective facts and rational discourse,"he adds.Facebook's shift away from computer-driven news selection is a welcome step toward restoring trust in the overall business of news.This is not a new problem."Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper,"wrote Thomas Jefferson in 1807.Yet the Digital Age has forced the issue of trust for news providers.By inviting readers to participate in solving this problem,Facebook has itself set a new bar for earning trust. Facebook used to select news items by

　　A adopting Al technology.

　　B relying on its 2 billion users.

　　C building a Facebook"community".

　　D ranking news outlets by credibility.

　　正確答案：A  

　　答案解析：首段指出，人工智能(AI)畢竟是“人工”的，F(xiàn)acebook的做法“宣布終止依賴軟件算法(software algorithms)的篩選新聞方式，轉(zhuǎn)而邀請其用戶群對新聞機構(gòu)的可信度進行排名”印證了這一點。文中software algorithm即指Al技術(shù)(與“人類智能”相對),A.正確。[解題技巧]B.將第一段②句中“為20億用戶篩選新聞(select news items for its 2 billion users)”篡改為“依賴20億用戶篩選新聞(relying on its 2 billion users)”。C.將第一段③句所述“新做法：邀請社群對新聞機構(gòu)可信度進行排名(Facebook“community”will be asked)”篡改為“舊做法：建立Facebook社群篩選新聞(building a Facebook“community”)”。D.源自第一段③句rank news outlets by their trustworthiness，但由句中will可知，這事關(guān)Facebook將要采取的新方式，而非過去的舊方式。

　　3、Lawyers protesting about cuts don't attract the same level of public support as doctors and nurses.What goes on in the courts is not widely understood,and most people do not expect to neecl a publicly funded lawyer in the way that they rely on hospitals.Nevertheless,access to justice is a fundamental democratic right,and the chaos and failure unfolding across the legal system as the result of cuts should concern everyone who cares about justice.Research carried out by civil servants and published in May after it was leaked shows that the disruptive effect of legal aid cuts in England and Wales has spread from the civil courts to the criminal courts:where increasing numbers of clefendants are appearing without legal advice or representation,as a consequence of changes including new means tests.More than half of juclges questioned for the study voiced concerns about defendants not understanding that a guilty plea could lead to a reducecl sentence.The government knows there is a problem.not least because the王950m reduction in the legal aid bill in 2016,compared with 2010,was more than twice as much as it expected.But ministers have already clelayed far too long in the face of clear evidence that cuts in the family courts have been harmful.Official figures show that the proportion of plaintif{s and defendants with legal representation fell from 60%in 2012 t0 33%in the first quarter of last year,and it is not uncommon for one party in a civil case to be represented by a lawyer while the other is not.Some sensible changes have already been suggested in a review commissioned by the Labour party last year.These include a loosening of the criteria for legal aid eligibility to include all cases involving children,and representation for families in inquests where the state is already funding one party such as the police-which represents an essential rebalancing of justice's scales.The report also made the not unreasonable suggestion that law should be taught in schools.Avoiding costly lawsuits by encouraging people to treat court as a last resort sounds reasonable,and some of the consequences of the cuts were no doubt unintended.But the"simpler"and"more responsive"system promised by the Conservative justice secretary Ken Clarke when embarking on these cost-saving measures in 2010 now looks like wishful thinking at best.The current justice secretary,David Gauke,must act to restore confidence in a damaged system.Legal aid began in the UK in the 1940s with the rest of the welfare state.In the US,a defendant's entittement to a lawyer in a criminal case is enshrined in an amendment to the constitution.While the rules in the UK may lack this constitutional underpinning,people are still entitled to access to justice-including lawyers paid for with legal aid. OfficiaJ research and figures in Paragraphs 2 and 3 reveal an increase in

　　A lawsuit participants lacking a lawyer.

　　B both civil and criminal cases.

　　C appeals for sentence reduction.

　　D guilty pleas to criminal charges.

　　正確答案：A  

　　答案解析：第二段①句指出，五月公布的政府研究表明，未獲得法律建議或法律代表就出庭的被告越來越多。第三段③句指出，官方數(shù)據(jù)顯示配備了法律代表的原告和被告比例從2012年到去年大幅下降�？梢�.沒有律師就出庭的訴訟參與人(原告、被告等)有所增加.A.正確。[解題技巧]B.源于第二段①句from the civil courts to the criminal courts，但原文指法律援助削減的波及范圍擴大，而非案件數(shù)量增多。C.、D.分別利用第二段②句個別詞匯a reduced sentence、aguilty plea捏造“減刑吁請/認(rèn)罪行為”增加。

　　4、Artificial intelligence,or AI,is called artificial for a good reason.Facebook made that point last week by ending its attempt to rely heavily on software algorithms to select news items for its 2 billion users.It announced Jan.19 that the Facebook"community"will be asked to rank news outlets by their trustworthiness.This reader feedback will promote"high quality news that helps build a sense of common ground"in a world with"so much division,"said chief executive Mark Zuckerberg.The first surveys have started in the United States and will soon expand to other countries.The company plans to include the local news outlets of users in its surveys.Like many digital platforms that act as news providers,Facebook had great faith in a belief that programmed electrons in computer servers can discern qualities of thought such as trust,fairness,and honesty.Even in respected newsrooms,however,these traits of character require constant upkeep among journalists and feedback from paying customers.Good judgment on news relies on orders of consciousness beyond what a machine can do.Rather than move toward becoming a hands-on gatekeeper of news,Facebook now hopes its"diverse and representative"sampling of users can lead to a ranking of news outlets-and that would bring a measure of objectivity in its news feed.The company may be in the news business but it has chosen to outsource news credibility to the collective wisdom of individuals and their ability to distinguish truth from falsehood.By placing its trust in people as seekers of truth,Facebook could earn greater trust from its users.This is also a lesson for many companies,especially digital platforms or those in the media business.According to the latest survey of trust in institutions worldwide by Edelman communications firm,"media has become the least-trusted institution for the first time,"more so than other businesses or government.In particular,the US is"enduring an unprecedented crisis of trust"among many of its institutions,says Richard Edelman,president and CEO of Edelman."The root cause of this fall is the lack of objective facts and rational discourse,"he adds.Facebook's shift away from computer-driven news selection is a welcome step toward restoring trust in the overall business of news.This is not a new problem."Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper,"wrote Thomas Jefferson in 1807.Yet the Digital Age has forced the issue of trust for news providers.By inviting readers to participate in solving this problem,Facebook has itself set a new bar for earning trust. To which of the following would Mark Zuckerberg most probably agree?

　　A Common grounds among users are the sources of high quality news.

　　B Programmed electrons can make good judgment on news quality.

　　C Computers can not replace human beings in news selection.

　　D Reader feedback is not needed in respected newsrooms.

　　正確答案：C  

　　答案解析：本題就扎克伯格的觀點設(shè)問，實質(zhì)考查Facebook轉(zhuǎn)變新聞篩選方式的原因和目的，可將解題范圍鎖定第二、三段。第三段末句指出，對新聞的良好判斷依賴于超越機器能力的意識邏輯(orders of consciousness beyond what a machine can do).即：離不開人類判斷.C.正確。[解題技巧]A.將第二段①句“高質(zhì)量新聞促進用戶共同感的建立”偷換為“用戶間的共同感促進高質(zhì)量新聞產(chǎn)生”。B.對第三段①句“程序化元件具有鑒別思想品質(zhì)的能力”斷章取義：however之后已轉(zhuǎn)折指出，(即便如此)用戶反饋等依然不可缺少。D.對第三段②句“即便是備受尊敬的新聞編輯室也需要(require)付費用戶的不斷反饋”篡改為與之相反的信息(is not needed)。

　　5、Artificial intelligence,or AI,is called artificial for a good reason.Facebook made that point last week by ending its attempt to rely heavily on software algorithms to select news items for its 2 billion users.It announced Jan.19 that the Facebook"community"will be asked to rank news outlets by their trustworthiness.This reader feedback will promote"high quality news that helps build a sense of common ground"in a world with"so much division,"said chief executive Mark Zuckerberg.The first surveys have started in the United States and will soon expand to other countries.The company plans to include the local news outlets of users in its surveys.Like many digital platforms that act as news providers,Facebook had great faith in a belief that programmed electrons in computer servers can discern qualities of thought such as trust,fairness,and honesty.Even in respected newsrooms,however,these traits of character require constant upkeep among journalists and feedback from paying customers.Good judgment on news relies on orders of consciousness beyond what a machine can do.Rather than move toward becoming a hands-on gatekeeper of news,Facebook now hopes its"diverse and representative"sampling of users can lead to a ranking of news outlets-and that would bring a measure of objectivity in its news feed.The company may be in the news business but it has chosen to outsource news credibility to the collective wisdom of individuals and their ability to distinguish truth from falsehood.By placing its trust in people as seekers of truth,Facebook could earn greater trust from its users.This is also a lesson for many companies,especially digital platforms or those in the media business.According to the latest survey of trust in institutions worldwide by Edelman communications firm,"media has become the least-trusted institution for the first time,"more so than other businesses or government.In particular,the US is"enduring an unprecedented crisis of trust"among many of its institutions,says Richard Edelman,president and CEO of Edelman."The root cause of this fall is the lack of objective facts and rational discourse,"he adds.Facebook's shift away from computer-driven news selection is a welcome step toward restoring trust in the overall business of news.This is not a new problem."Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper,"wrote Thomas Jefferson in 1807.Yet the Digital Age has forced the issue of trust for news providers.By inviting readers to participate in solving this problem,Facebook has itself set a new bar for earning trust. In the last paragraph,Thomas Jefferson's words are cited to indicate

　　A the poor quality of newspapers nowadays.

　　B the long-standing trust issue in news businesses.

　　C the problems arising from Facebook's shift.

　　D the issue of trust in the Digital Age.

　　正確答案：B  

　　答案解析：末段首句指出，F(xiàn)acebook的轉(zhuǎn)變朝向恢復(fù)用戶對新聞業(yè)的信任邁出了可喜一步。第二句直接指出這并非新問題。第三句則援引杰斐遜1807年所言“現(xiàn)在的報紙上沒有什么可以相信的”�？梢�，援引目的在于證明新聞可信度問題古已有之，B.正確。[解題技巧]A.源于引言“現(xiàn)在的報紙上沒有什么可以相信的”(Nothing can now be believed.…)。但據(jù)下文可知，此處“現(xiàn)在”指1807年，而非當(dāng)下(nowadays)，且“報紙質(zhì)量低劣”一說與文意存在偏差。C.將末段②句This is not a new problem中This誤解為“Facebook轉(zhuǎn)變帶來的問題”，而結(jié)合前文可知，This指代“新聞業(yè)信任問題”，而Facebook轉(zhuǎn)變有益于問題的解決。D.源自末段④句，但選項問題有二：一、Yet表明該句相對引言已發(fā)生語義轉(zhuǎn)折，并非引言說明對象;二、該句意指“數(shù)字時代迫使新聞提供者們直面信任問題”而非“數(shù)字時代信任缺失”。選項不僅偏離原文方向，且放大原文范圍(將“新聞業(yè)的信任問題”放大到“整個社會的信任缺失”)。一、借助首段特點確定首段

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