1、Frankenstein's monster haunts discussions of the ethics of artificial intetligence:the fear is that scientists will create something that has purposes and even desires of its own and which will carry them out at the expense of human beings.This is a misleading picture because it suggests that there will be a moment at which the monster comes alive:the switch is thrown,the program run,and after that its human creators can do nothing more.In real life there will be no such singularity.Construction of AI and its deployment will be continuous processes,with humans involved and to some extent responsible at every step.This is what makes Google'-s declarations of ethical principles for its use of AI so significant,because it seems to be the result of a revolt among the company's programmers.The senior management at Google saw the supply of AI to the Pentagon as a goldmine,if only it could be kept from public knowledge."Avoid at all costs any mention or implication of Al,"wrole Google Cloud's chief scientist for AI in a memo."I don't know what would happen if the media starts picking up a theme that Google is building AI weapons or AI technologies to enable weapons for the Defense industry."That,of course,is exactly what the company had been doing.Google had been subcontracting for the Pentagon on Project Maven,which was meant to bring the benefits of AI to war-fighting.Then the media found out and more than 3,000 0f its own employees prote.sted.Only iwo things frighten the tech giants:onc i.s the stock market;the other is an organised workforce.The employees'agitation led to Google announcing six principles of ethical AI,among them that it will not make weapons systems.or technologies whose purpose,or use in surveillance,violates international principles of human rights.This still leaves a huge intentional exception:profiting from"non-lethal"defence technology.Obviously we cannot expect all companies,still less all programmers,to show this kind of ethical fine-tuning.Other companies will bid for Pentagon business:Google had to beat IBM,Amazon and Microsoft to gain the Maven contract.But in all these cases,the companies involved-which means the people who work for them-will be actively involved in maintaining,tweaking and improving the work.This opens an opportunity for consistent ethical pressure and for the attribution of responsibility to human beings and not to inanimate objects.Questions about the ethics of artificial intelligence are questions about the ethics of the people who make it and the purposes they put it to.It is not the monster,but the good Dr Frankenstein we need to worry about most. The author implies in Paragraph l that AI

　　A may be used by scientists to satisfy their own desires.

　　B will be carried out at the expense of human lives.

　　C may take over most of the jobs from human beings.

　　D will be developed step by step under human control.

　　正確答案：D

　　答案解析：第一段最末兩句指出，脫離人類控制的怪物不會(huì)出現(xiàn)，因?yàn)锳I的構(gòu)建和應(yīng)用是連續(xù)的過(guò)程，人類將參與其中每一步并對(duì)此負(fù)責(zé)�？梢�(jiàn)D.正確，step by step對(duì)應(yīng)原文continuous.…every step.體現(xiàn)AI發(fā)展的連續(xù)性、步驟性;undcr human controt概括原文humans involved and.…responsible.…，體現(xiàn)人類對(duì)AI技術(shù)的責(zé)任與把控。[解題技巧]A.將第一段①句“人們擔(dān)心科學(xué)家會(huì)利用Al技術(shù)創(chuàng)造出有自身欲望的怪物”偷換為“科學(xué)家可能會(huì)將AI用于滿足自身欲望”.即將“怪物(something/monster)的自身欲望”偷換為“科學(xué)家(scientists)的自身欲望”，又將“有些人的擔(dān)憂”改為“本文作者觀點(diǎn)”。B.復(fù)現(xiàn)①句will carry them out at the expense of human beings.但這是”某些人的擔(dān)憂”，隨后作者否定了這一觀點(diǎn)。C.源自②句its human creators can clo nothing more.但原文強(qiáng)調(diào)“人們失去對(duì)AI的控制”，而非“AI替人類完成工作”.且作者隨后否定了這一情況實(shí)際發(fā)生的可能，

　　2、The Open University,one of the great successes of modern Britain,is facing a crisis.On the surface,this centres on the embattled vice-chancellor.Peter Horrocks,whom the staff want to resign.The UCU(University and College Union)branch at the university has passed a motion of no confidence in him.and says he no longer commands the respect of staff.The immediate cause was a remark for which he has been forced to apologise,to the effect that some academics had been allowed"to get away with not teaching for decades",but this came in a context of brutal budget cuts he has proposed.More profoundly.the crisis exposes a huge disagreement about what actually constitutes teaching,and why it is a worthwhile activity.Is it a way to produce exam resulis and certificates of employability,or is the purpose to share whaiever makes a subject worth studying for itself,and to inculcate the skills that will enable students to glimpse and pursue that vision?But the deeper crisis reaches far beyond the vice-chancellor's inadequacies.Some of the challenges facing the university are simply a result of the huge changes in society and technology since it was founded in 1969.In the early days,staff agonised over whether to include colour in their television programmes,since many viewers might still own black and white sets.In those days,too.there was a very large pool of middle-aged people who had been denied tertiary education,and for whom this really was the university of the seconcl chance.But the pool of second chancers has now largely gone the way of black and white televisions.Those are difficulties that would face the university under any administration.So would the widespread competition in the field of distance learning.But with all that said,it is central government that is largely responsible for the difficulties of the OU.The government's conception of higher education as a marketplace where students can shop for qualifications is profoundly destructive to all universities,and the OU is only the most exposed and vulnerable.The introduction,and then the tripling,of tuition fees has wrecked its financial model,so that student numbers have dropped by a third since 2010.The only thing to fall as fast has been the university's rating for student satisfaction,from lst t0 47th.So much for the conception of universities as selling to"customers",rather than teaching students.The university is an institution that enriches the lives of those who attend it.It is on that basis that the government should still recognise,and support,the ideal that everyone deserves access to the benefits of a real university,whatever their past,and whenever they decide they need it. The most profound threat to the OU is

　　A its poor administration.

　　B its vulnerable financial model.

　　C extensive competition in distance learning,

　　D marketization of higher education.

　　正確答案：D  

　　答案解析：第三段③句明確指出：盡管開放大學(xué)面臨社會(huì)技術(shù)變革、廣泛競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、管理等各式各樣的問(wèn)題，但是真正應(yīng)該負(fù)主要責(zé)任的是政府將高等教育設(shè)想為買賣文憑的市場(chǎng)。也即，高等教育的市場(chǎng)化是開放大學(xué)面臨的最嚴(yán)重威脅，即D.正確。[解題技巧]A.、C.都可以算是威脅，但并非最嚴(yán)重的威脅;B.由④句vulnerable、⑤句its financial model這兩個(gè)碎片信息捏造而來(lái)，但文中并未指出開放大學(xué)的財(cái)務(wù)模式很脆弱。

　　3、The Open University,one of the great successes of modern Britain,is facing a crisis.On the surface,this centres on the embattled vice-chancellor.Peter Horrocks,whom the staff want to resign.The UCU(University and College Union)branch at the university has passed a motion of no confidence in him.and says he no longer commands the respect of staff.The immediate cause was a remark for which he has been forced to apologise,to the effect that some academics had been allowed"to get away with not teaching for decades",but this came in a context of brutal budget cuts he has proposed.More profoundly.the crisis exposes a huge disagreement about what actually constitutes teaching,and why it is a worthwhile activity.Is it a way to produce exam resulis and certificates of employability,or is the purpose to share whaiever makes a subject worth studying for itself,and to inculcate the skills that will enable students to glimpse and pursue that vision?But the deeper crisis reaches far beyond the vice-chancellor's inadequacies.Some of the challenges facing the university are simply a result of the huge changes in society and technology since it was founded in 1969.In the early days,staff agonised over whether to include colour in their television programmes,since many viewers might still own black and white sets.In those days,too.there was a very large pool of middle-aged people who had been denied tertiary education,and for whom this really was the university of the seconcl chance.But the pool of second chancers has now largely gone the way of black and white televisions.Those are difficulties that would face the university under any administration.So would the widespread competition in the field of distance learning.But with all that said,it is central government that is largely responsible for the difficulties of the OU.The government's conception of higher education as a marketplace where students can shop for qualifications is profoundly destructive to all universities,and the OU is only the most exposed and vulnerable.The introduction,and then the tripling,of tuition fees has wrecked its financial model,so that student numbers have dropped by a third since 2010.The only thing to fall as fast has been the university's rating for student satisfaction,from lst t0 47th.So much for the conception of universities as selling to"customers",rather than teaching students.The university is an institution that enriches the lives of those who attend it.It is on that basis that the government should still recognise,and support,the ideal that everyone deserves access to the benefits of a real university,whatever their past,and whenever they decide they need it. The last iwo paragraphs are mainly

　　A satirizing universities which ruthlessly seek profit to the neglect of teaching andresearch.

　　B suggesting a way for students to access higher education without amassing huge debt.

　　C criticizing the government whose conception of higher education disrupts all universities.

　　D exposing the illusion that everyone deserves access to the benefits of a real university.

　　正確答案：C  

　　答案解析：第三段首先重點(diǎn)指出“開放大學(xué)所面臨的問(wèn)題不單單是管理者的問(wèn)題，更是政府的問(wèn)題，政府對(duì)高等教育的設(shè)想對(duì)所有大學(xué)(尤其開放大學(xué))都是極具毀滅性的”，隨后以“開放大學(xué)(應(yīng)市場(chǎng)需求而被迫)提高學(xué)費(fèi)導(dǎo)致學(xué)生人數(shù)、學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)校滿意度極具下降”為例做出說(shuō)明，第四段則針對(duì)政府簡(jiǎn)要提出意見(jiàn)“應(yīng)調(diào)整認(rèn)識(shí)、為打造真正大學(xué)予以支持”�？梢�(jiàn)，末兩段意在批評(píng)政府行為，C.正確。[解題技巧]A.由第三段④句higher education as a marketplace、末句universities as selling to“customers”.rather than teaching students抽取出“高校為追求利潤(rùn)而忽視教學(xué)研究”這一形象，但段中并未著意說(shuō)明這一形象。B.由第三段⑤句introduction，and then the tripling，of tuition fess抽取出“學(xué)生為上大學(xué)而負(fù)債累累”這一信息，并結(jié)合末段碎片信息should.…access to the benefits of a real university推斷出“向這些負(fù)債累累的學(xué)生提出了一個(gè)解決辦法”。D.將末段意欲宣揚(yáng)的the ideal that.“‘人人都能受益于一所真正的大學(xué)’這一偉大理想”曲解為the Lllusion“幻想”。

　　4、Frankenstein's monster haunts discussions of the ethics of artificial intetligence:the fear is that scientists will create something that has purposes and even desires of its own and which will carry them out at the expense of human beings.This is a misleading picture because it suggests that there will be a moment at which the monster comes alive:the switch is thrown,the program run,and after that its human creators can do nothing more.In real life there will be no such singularity.Construction of AI and its deployment will be continuous processes,with humans involved and to some extent responsible at every step.This is what makes Google'-s declarations of ethical principles for its use of AI so significant,because it seems to be the result of a revolt among the company's programmers.The senior management at Google saw the supply of AI to the Pentagon as a goldmine,if only it could be kept from public knowledge."Avoid at all costs any mention or implication of Al,"wrole Google Cloud's chief scientist for AI in a memo."I don't know what would happen if the media starts picking up a theme that Google is building AI weapons or AI technologies to enable weapons for the Defense industry."That,of course,is exactly what the company had been doing.Google had been subcontracting for the Pentagon on Project Maven,which was meant to bring the benefits of AI to war-fighting.Then the media found out and more than 3,000 0f its own employees prote.sted.Only iwo things frighten the tech giants:onc i.s the stock market;the other is an organised workforce.The employees'agitation led to Google announcing six principles of ethical AI,among them that it will not make weapons systems.or technologies whose purpose,or use in surveillance,violates international principles of human rights.This still leaves a huge intentional exception:profiting from"non-lethal"defence technology.Obviously we cannot expect all companies,still less all programmers,to show this kind of ethical fine-tuning.Other companies will bid for Pentagon business:Google had to beat IBM,Amazon and Microsoft to gain the Maven contract.But in all these cases,the companies involved-which means the people who work for them-will be actively involved in maintaining,tweaking and improving the work.This opens an opportunity for consistent ethical pressure and for the attribution of responsibility to human beings and not to inanimate objects.Questions about the ethics of artificial intelligence are questions about the ethics of the people who make it and the purposes they put it to.It is not the monster,but the good Dr Frankenstein we need to worry about most. Google's declaration of ethical AI principles is mainly prompted by

　　A its awareness of AI's significance to the Pentagon.

　　B its senior management's desire for economic benefits.

　　C its employees'protest against applying AI to warfare.

　　D its eagerness to solve ethical problems concerning AI.

　　正確答案：C  

　　答案解析：第二段首句指出，谷歌宣布Al道德原則是“公司程序員們抗議”的結(jié)果。結(jié)合下文所述谷歌做法“向五角大樓秘密提供AI技術(shù)、制造AI武器或驅(qū)動(dòng)武器的AI技術(shù)”可知，程序員們抗議的對(duì)象為“將AI應(yīng)用于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”，C.正確。[解題技巧]A.對(duì)第二段①句its use of AI so significant斷章取義，該句并非指“谷歌意識(shí)到AI對(duì)五角大樓非常重要”，而是指“谷歌宣布Al使用原則意義重大”。B.源自②句saw the supply of AI to the Pentagon as a goldmine(“將……視為一座金礦”即“希望借……獲取巨大經(jīng)濟(jì)利益”)，但將“谷歌向五角大樓提供Al技術(shù)”的原因偷換為了“谷歌宣布AI道德原則”的原因。D.體現(xiàn)強(qiáng)烈的“主動(dòng)性”，與文中所示谷歌行為“在此之前一直刻意隱瞞，后迫于員工抗議才公布了AI道德原則”相悖。

　　5、Frankenstein's monster haunts discussions of the ethics of artificial intetligence:the fear is that scientists will create something that has purposes and even desires of its own and which will carry them out at the expense of human beings.This is a misleading picture because it suggests that there will be a moment at which the monster comes alive:the switch is thrown,the program run,and after that its human creators can do nothing more.In real life there will be no such singularity.Construction of AI and its deployment will be continuous processes,with humans involved and to some extent responsible at every step.This is what makes Google'-s declarations of ethical principles for its use of AI so significant,because it seems to be the result of a revolt among the company's programmers.The senior management at Google saw the supply of AI to the Pentagon as a goldmine,if only it could be kept from public knowledge."Avoid at all costs any mention or implication of Al,"wrole Google Cloud's chief scientist for AI in a memo."I don't know what would happen if the media starts picking up a theme that Google is building AI weapons or AI technologies to enable weapons for the Defense industry."That,of course,is exactly what the company had been doing.Google had been subcontracting for the Pentagon on Project Maven,which was meant to bring the benefits of AI to war-fighting.Then the media found out and more than 3,000 0f its own employees prote.sted.Only iwo things frighten the tech giants:onc i.s the stock market;the other is an organised workforce.The employees'agitation led to Google announcing six principles of ethical AI,among them that it will not make weapons systems.or technologies whose purpose,or use in surveillance,violates international principles of human rights.This still leaves a huge intentional exception:profiting from"non-lethal"defence technology.Obviously we cannot expect all companies,still less all programmers,to show this kind of ethical fine-tuning.Other companies will bid for Pentagon business:Google had to beat IBM,Amazon and Microsoft to gain the Maven contract.But in all these cases,the companies involved-which means the people who work for them-will be actively involved in maintaining,tweaking and improving the work.This opens an opportunity for consistent ethical pressure and for the attribution of responsibility to human beings and not to inanimate objects.Questions about the ethics of artificial intelligence are questions about the ethics of the people who make it and the purposes they put it to.It is not the monster,but the good Dr Frankenstein we need to worry about most. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 3?

　　A Google had been developing war-related Al secretly.

　　B Google prioritizes employees'opinions over profits.

　　C Google promises not to profit from AI-related defence technology.

　　D Google's six principles violate international principles of human rights.

　　正確答案：A  

　　答案解析：第三段首句指出“那(That回指上段所述“秘密制造驅(qū)動(dòng)武器的AI技術(shù)”這一事實(shí))正是谷歌一直在做的事”，下文進(jìn)一步指出，谷歌一直在幫助五角大樓將Al技術(shù)用于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，直至被媒體發(fā)現(xiàn)并引發(fā)抗議，可見(jiàn)A.正確。[解題技巧]B.對(duì)文中事實(shí)“員工抗議促使谷歌宣布AI道德原則”錯(cuò)誤引申：由谷歌做法“先前向員工隱瞞參與Maven項(xiàng)目、后基于對(duì)聯(lián)合起來(lái)的員工(organised workforce)的恐懼而宣布Al道德原則，但仍故意留下了從非致死性防御技術(shù)中獲利的例外”可知，符歌并非真正重視員工意見(jiàn)大過(guò)利益。C.與第三段末句暗示信息“谷歌仍有意從非致死性防御技術(shù)中獲利”相悖。D.將違背國(guó)際人權(quán)原則的主體“某些武器系統(tǒng)或技術(shù)的使用目的或監(jiān)控用途(weapons systems，or technologies.…)”偷換為“谷歌的AI道德六原則”。推理可知，谷歌道德六原則符合國(guó)際人權(quán)原則。

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