(一) 知識概要
名詞的概念在不同的語法教課書中有不同的解釋和分類方法,但就實(shí)際應(yīng)用來講還是不要過分地追求其理論概念,而更多的要把注意力放在其應(yīng)用上來。我們不妨把 它分為兩大類:專有名詞與普通名詞。顧名思義,專有名詞是指:個(gè)人、事物、機(jī)關(guān)等所專有的名稱,如,the Great Wall, America…它們是不能隨意變動(dòng)的。而普通名詞中則包括個(gè)體名詞,如pen, worker…它表示單一的個(gè)體人或事物;集體名詞,如:family,class, team,它表示的是由若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體;物質(zhì)名詞,如:water,paper…它表示的是一種物質(zhì),原材料;而后一種是抽象名詞, 如:work, time…它表示著一種在實(shí)際生活中看不見、摸不到,但卻與實(shí)際生活緊密相關(guān)的某些動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)的抽象概念。見下表。
名詞一覽表
種類
專有名詞
London, John, the Communist Party of China
普 通 名 詞 類名詞 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table
集體名詞 class, family, army, police, team, people
物質(zhì)名詞 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand
抽象名詞 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest
功用
主語 My family is now in New York.
表語 His father is a scientist.
賓語 We love our great motherland.
賓語補(bǔ)足語 He made London the base for his work.
定語 The girls are making paper flowesrs.
狀語 The car cost him 1000 dollars.
同位語 Mr Brown,a famous scientist,will come here.
名詞在使用中的難點(diǎn)在于名詞的數(shù),即可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。不可數(shù)名詞不能用數(shù)字計(jì)算,所以它通常只有單數(shù)形式。它包含有專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、 抽象名詞等,如:English,air,water,cotton,work…可數(shù)名詞是可以用數(shù)量加以計(jì)算的名詞,所以它具有單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式兩 種。可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)律是:
1. 一般情況加s,如:pen—pens,doctor—doctors,boy—boys,其讀音規(guī)則是在清輔音后讀[s],在元音和濁輔音后讀[z]。如:map—map,boy—boys.
2. 在以s,sh,ch,x結(jié)尾的名詞后面加es,如:bus—buses,class—classes,其讀音為[iz]。
3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge結(jié)尾的名詞加s,其讀音為[iz]。
4. 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,要將y變?yōu)閕再加es,讀作[z],如:factory—factories,country—countries, family—families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加s,如:boy—boys,day—days。
5. 以o結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式一般要加es,但如果o前面是元音字母或外來詞,縮寫詞以o結(jié)尾的則只加s,如:tomato—tomatoes,hero—heroes;photo—photos,radio—radios,piano—pianos
6. 以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要將f或fe變?yōu)関再加es,如:knife—knives, leaf—leaves, 但有些例外的詞如roof的復(fù)數(shù)形式是roofs。
7. 不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是要單個(gè)記憶的,它沒有規(guī)律可循,如:man—men,woman—women, child—children, foot—feet,tooth—teeth, mouse—mice
8. 單復(fù)同形的名詞有:fish, sheep,deer…
9. 單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞有:people,police等!∶~還有格的變化,其主格可作主語,賓格可作賓語。還有所有格,用來表示人或物的所有, 以及領(lǐng)屬關(guān)系。表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加's其復(fù)數(shù)形式是s',如其結(jié)尾不是s的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍加's,如:a student's room, students' rooms, Children's Day.在表示時(shí)間、距離、世界、國家……名詞的所有格要用's,如:a twenty minutes' walk.但無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu),如:the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers
[析]英語中更多的名詞是含有多種用法和多種含意的,如:room為可數(shù)名詞時(shí)為“房間”,如:I live in Room 5.而room為抽象名詞時(shí)為空間上面一句話應(yīng)譯為“請給老婦人在校車上留個(gè)地方。”這樣的詞還有:glass 玻璃glasses 眼鏡stone 石頭a stone 一塊石頭time 時(shí)間two times 兩次wood 木頭woods 樹林
[誤]There is a flowers garden behind my house.
[正]There is a flower garden behind my house.
[析]名詞除了在句中作主語、賓語、表語外,還可以用來修飾另一個(gè)名詞,這時(shí)作修飾詞的名詞一般要用單數(shù)形式,如:shoe factory (鞋廠),post office(郵局),evening paper (晚報(bào)),night school (夜校),head master (校長),a law school (法律學(xué)院)。但也有例外,如:a goods train(貨車),sports meeting (運(yùn)動(dòng)會)。
[誤]My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.
[正]My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.
[析]英語中有些名詞單復(fù)同形,如:fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中國人), means (方法)。所以應(yīng)講one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果講There are five fishes in the pool.應(yīng)譯為池中有五種魚而不是五條魚。
[誤]Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.
[正]Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.
[析]英語中有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式,如: thanks, greens, 而有些詞單數(shù)形式與復(fù)數(shù)形式有不同的詞意。如:clothes 為衣服,而cloth則是布, sand沙子,而sands是沙灘。
[誤]I offered my son my congratulation on his success.
[正]I offered my son my congratulations on his success.
[析]英語中表示祝賀的詞雖有單數(shù)形式,但一般要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。如握手為shake hands.
[誤]We have five German in this meeting.
[正]We have five Germans in this meeting.
[析]英國人Englishman的復(fù)數(shù)形式為Englishmen,而German 則要加s,因?yàn)樗皇怯蓢cman的組合詞。
[誤]There are two As in this word.
[正]There are two A's in this word.
[析]在大寫字母縮寫形式的復(fù)數(shù)表達(dá)法中應(yīng)加s,但如字母是A、I時(shí),為了防止與As和Is相混,則要用's即A's,I's
[誤]There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.
[正]There are three 6's and two 3's in my telephone number.
[析]在小寫字母與數(shù)字的復(fù)數(shù)形式表達(dá)法中要用's
[誤]We have many woman teachers in our school.
[正]We have many women teachers in our school.
[析]一般組合名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)只將詞中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)如:
half brother—half brothers(同父異母或同母異父的兄弟)daughter in law—daughtersin law,(兒媳)但要注意的是:man driver—men drivers(男司機(jī)) woman doctor—women doctors(女大夫)grown up—grown ups(成年人) 但是boy student—?jiǎng)t變?yōu)閎oy students
[誤]Physics are very difficult to learn.
[正]Physics is very difficult to learn.
[析]雖以s結(jié)尾但只能用作單數(shù)名詞有:科學(xué),學(xué)科名字:Physics. Mathematics politics游戲名稱:bowls 專有名稱:Niagara Falls(尼亞加拉瀑布) 其他名詞:news(消息,新聞)
[誤]There is a people in the room.
[正]There is a person in the room.
[正]There is a man in the room.
[析]people是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,不可用作單數(shù),如要用來講一個(gè)人時(shí)應(yīng)用a person, a man, a woman。同樣的詞有police.要講一個(gè)警察時(shí)則要用a policeman, a policewoman。
[誤]Where is my shoe?
[正]Where are my shoes?
[析]常常只用作復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞有trousers, pants, shorts(短褲),socks(襪子),shoes, gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一個(gè)則要指明,這時(shí)還是應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如:Where's my left glove?(我左手的手套在哪?)
[誤]I paid five pennies for the sweet.
[正]I paid five pence for the sweet.
[析]英語中便士有兩個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)形式pence用來表達(dá)一定數(shù)量的錢。而pennies是指一個(gè)個(gè)的硬幣,如:I want to change this note for pennies.我想把這紙幣換成硬幣。(即一便士一個(gè)的硬幣)。
[誤]There are many fruit in the shop.
[正]There are many fruits in the shop.
[析]物質(zhì)名詞為不可數(shù)名詞,但是用來表示種類時(shí)則可以用作可數(shù)名詞,這里應(yīng)譯為各種各樣的水果。
[誤]There is a new car. It is Jone's and Mary's.
[正]There is a new car. It is Jone and Mary's.
[析]有生命名詞的所有格,如果是單數(shù)名詞則加's如:Mary's car.如果是以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞則只在s后面加’如:teachers' offices.如果是復(fù)數(shù)名詞但不是以s結(jié)尾,則只加’s,如:children's palace 組合名詞的所有格是在最后一個(gè)詞尾加's如:girl friend —girl friend's someone else—someone else's a week or three—a week or three's如名詞后有同位語時(shí),則應(yīng)加在同位語的詞尾上,如:It is my girl friend, Mary's car.要注意的是當(dāng)兩個(gè)名詞并列時(shí),如表示歸兩人共同所有,則在最后一個(gè)名詞后面加's,如果表示分別所有則在兩個(gè)名詞后分別加's,如:This is Mary and Jone's home.即Mary與Jone是一家人。這是他們共同的家。而These are Mary's and Jone's homes.則應(yīng)譯為這里是Mary的家與Jone的家。