二、 冠詞

　　(一) 知識(shí)概要

　　冠詞在英語(yǔ)中只有3個(gè)詞，分為兩類：不定冠詞a與an，定冠詞the。 a用在以輔音開始的單數(shù)名詞前，an用于以元音開始的單詞前。不定冠詞用來(lái)表示一類事物中泛指的某一事物，而定冠詞則用于特指的某一個(gè)或某些事物，可用于不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前。

　　(二) 正誤辨析

　　[誤]This building is an university.

　　[正]This building is a university.

　　[析]a用于以輔音音素開始的單詞前，而an用于以元音音素開始的單詞前，而不是元音字母開頭的單詞前。university的第一個(gè)音素是[j]，所以 用a而不要用an。又如：There is a “n” in the word.是錯(cuò)句，應(yīng)為：There is an “n”in the word.因字母n的發(fā)音的第一個(gè)音素是元音。要注意的還有hour因其第一個(gè)字母h不發(fā)音，所以應(yīng)該用an hour。例如：

　　I need an hour to finish the work.

　　It is a useful dictionary.

　　It is a European country.

　　I bought a used car.

　　[誤]I need a umbrella because it looks like raining.

　　[正]I need an umbrella because it looks like raining.

　　[析]因umbrella的第一個(gè)音素是元音，所以應(yīng)用an.常用的情況有：an old man, an English teacher, an elephant, an idea, an hour ago, an honest boy…。

　　[誤]“Can you help me” “Sorry, I'm in hurry.”

　　[正]“Can you help me” “Sorry. I'm in a hurry.”

　　[析]不定冠詞的主要用法如下：

　　1. 用來(lái)表示一類人或事物，如：She is a teacher.

　　2. 指某一類人或事物中的一個(gè)，如：An elephant is bigger than a horse.

　　3. 泛指某一人或事物，如：A man is waiting for you at the school gate.

　　4. 相當(dāng)于“one”的概念，如：I just bought a new dictionary.

　　5. 其主要的難點(diǎn)是用在固定詞組中：

　　如：have a walk/a rest /a look

　　又如：in a hurry 匆匆忙忙

　　make a face 作鬼臉

　　do somebody a favour 幫某人忙

　　a number of =many

　　又如：have a good time (玩得好)

　　have a cold (感冒)

　　have a headache (頭痛)

　　have a break=have a rest

　　[誤]I bought the dictionary yesterday. A dictionary is very good.

　　[正]I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is very good.

　　[析]在文章中第一次提到某物時(shí)用不定冠詞，而第二次提到時(shí)用定冠詞。

　　[誤]Please turn off lights before you leave.

　　[正]Please turn off the lights before you leave.

　　[析]雖然是第一次提到某物但說(shuō)話雙方均知其所指，也應(yīng)用定冠詞。

　　[誤]There are nine planets around a sun.

　　[正]There are nine planets around the sun.

　　[析]世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的天體等名詞前應(yīng)加定冠詞，如：the earth, the moon, the sun, the sky, the sea.

　　[誤]I live on a second floor of this building.

　　[正]I live on the second floor of this building.

　　[析]在序數(shù)詞，形容詞最高級(jí)前要用定冠詞。如：He is the oldest in the family.

　　[誤]I want to learn the second language this term.

　　[正]I want to learn a second language this term.

　　[析]在序數(shù)詞的含意不是順序中的第一第二，而其意在于再學(xué)一個(gè)，再來(lái)一個(gè)時(shí)，應(yīng)用a，本句的意思應(yīng)為：這學(xué)期我要學(xué)一門第二外語(yǔ)。

　　[誤]Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.

　　[正]The Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.

　　[析]在河流名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞，如：the Yellow River(黃河)。

　　[誤]Look, there are Alp.

　　[誤]Look, there are the Alp.

　　[正]Look, there are the Alps.

　　[析]具體的某一座山不加定冠詞，如：Mountain Tai.但在山名稱前加定冠詞后，其山名要加s，來(lái)表示山脈。the Alps即為阿爾卑斯山脈。如:The Alps are in the center of Europe.

　　[誤]Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.

　　[正]The Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.

　　[析]報(bào)刊名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞。

　　[誤]Rich are not always happy.

　　[正]The rich are not always happy.

　　[析]在形容詞前加定冠詞表示一類人，而在姓的前面加定冠詞，姓后加s表示某一家，如：The turners are going to move to New York.

　　[誤]I like to eat bread for breakfast. Bread sells in this shop is very good.

　　[正]I like to eat bread for breakfast. The bread sells in this shop is very good.

　　[析]物質(zhì)名詞特指時(shí)也應(yīng)加定冠詞。

　　[誤]The sun rises in east.

　　[正]The sun rises in the east.

　　[析]在方向、方位前應(yīng)用定冠詞，如：in the east, in the west, in the north, in the south, in the direction 及in the past, in the future

　　[誤]Do you know who invented telephone

　　[正]Do you know who invented the telephone

　　[析]在特定和專有事物或名稱前要加定冠詞，

　　如：the English Channel 英吉利海峽

　　the Panama Canal 巴拿馬運(yùn)河

　　the Suez Canal 蘇伊士運(yùn)河

　　[誤]Would you please buy some food for the supper

　　[正]Would you please buy some food for supper

　　[析]泛指一日三餐前無(wú)定冠詞。

　　[誤]I like to climb the mountain in the autumn.

　　[正]I like to climb the mountain in autumn.

　　[析]一年四季前不用定冠詞，如：Spring is the best season in a year.

　　[誤]Sometimes my parents come to school to see me.

　　[正]Sometimes my parents come to the school to see me.

　　[析]有些名詞被用作其本身原來(lái)所含目的時(shí)不加冠詞，如：go to school上學(xué)，leave school(輟學(xué))，after school(放學(xué))，但如果當(dāng)建筑物講時(shí)應(yīng)加冠詞，如例句中其父母來(lái)校不是上學(xué)，而是看望孩子，則要加定冠詞。又如，He was in hospital for two days.(他在醫(yī)院住院兩天了。)而：He went to the hospital to see his mother.他去醫(yī)院看望他的母親。

　　[誤]I bought a same dictionary as she bought.

　　[正]I bought the same dictionary as she bought.

　　[析]在慣用法the same, the only, the very前的定冠詞不可換為不定冠詞。

　　[誤]The police caught the thief by his arm.

　　[正]The police caught the thief by the arm.

　　[析]這是英文表達(dá)法與中文的明顯不同之處，也是初學(xué)者極易忽視之處。在英語(yǔ)中的某些動(dòng)詞，如：catch(抓)，take(拿)，strike (打),pat(拍)，hit(擊)，hold(握)，pull(拉)…動(dòng)詞后應(yīng)加人，再加介詞on, by, in, with…之后要加定冠詞，再加人體的某一部位。這時(shí)的定冠詞千萬(wàn)不要換作his, her, their, 等詞。

　　[誤]He was paid by hour.

　　[正]He was paid by the hour.

　　[析]by和計(jì)量單位之間要有定冠詞。這句話應(yīng)譯為：他的工資是按小時(shí)計(jì)算的。

　　[誤]I went to New York by his car.

　　[正]I went to New York by car.

　　[正]I went to New York in his car