In the early 1950's historians who studies preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite(精華): the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates(要人)who had hitherto(迄今)usually filled history books.

　　譯文：

　　早在20世紀(jì)50年代，許多研究前工業(yè)時代歐洲(我們可將其粗略定義為1300年至1800年間的歐洲)的歷史學(xué)家們開始研究更多的歐洲人群，而不僅僅局在只占人口總數(shù)2%到3%的那些至今還充斥著歷史書籍的政治、社會、精英人物：國王、將軍、法官、貴族主教和地方要人。

　　The historian Frederick J. Tuner wrote in the 1890's that the agrarian(農(nóng)民)discontent(不滿)that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated(加速)by the closing of the internal frontier-that is, the depletion(枯竭)of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.

　　譯文：

　　歷史學(xué)家Frederick J Tuner在19世紀(jì)90年代寫道：自1870年以來美國農(nóng)民的不滿一直在緩慢增長，直到1870年關(guān)閉了內(nèi)部前沿以后就被加速了——就是說，用于擴(kuò)張農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)的新土地資源已經(jīng)枯竭了。

　　Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beure's blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.

　　譯文：

　　Fallois提出Proust 1908年就開始寫小說了，因?yàn)镾aint-Beure對于寫作的真實(shí)性質(zhì)的忽視，他把小說放置了。后來開始流行個人回憶錄和科幻小說，這些東西和小說一起穩(wěn)步地發(fā)展。

　　The best evidence for the layered mantle(地幔)thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes(地柱)arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.

　　譯文：

　　分層地幔的最好證據(jù)就是在海島上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖這一明顯的事實(shí)。島嶼被認(rèn)為是從低層地幔升起的地柱形成的，它構(gòu)成的基本成份與海中的山脊系統(tǒng)根本不同，許多地質(zhì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為它起源于上層地幔。

　　In October 1838, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on, from long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that, under these circumstances, favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed.

　　譯文：

　　1838年10月，我隨便讀了《馬爾薩散人口論》，很欣賞書的到處都有的生存競爭，經(jīng)過對動物和植物生存習(xí)性的長期觀察，我忽然想到這種環(huán)境下，有利于生存的變化被保留了，而不利于生存變化被消除了。