Part II Reading Comprehension (35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C) and
D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the
Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media.
Movies. Television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably
ask what’s wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment. Most
researchers agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex. A 1993 study by the U.S.
National Academy of Sciences listed “biological, individual, family, peer, school, and community
factors” as all playing their parts.
　　Viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute
to violent behavior in certain individuals.
　　The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the
case for causality (因果關(guān)系). Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of
societies including the
　　American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: “At this
time, well over 1,000 studies… point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media
violence and aggressive behavior in some children.”
　　Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even
disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said). When Jonathan
Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found
only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when he weeded out “the most
doubtful measures of aggression”, only 28% supported a connection.