練習(xí)

　　1.The Declaration of Independence not only gave birth to the new American nation but also gave a philosophy of human rights to the world.

　　2.It was in Portugal, with the guidance of Prince Henry the Navigator, that exploration and discovery began in earnest. Driven partly by the hope of outflanking the Islamic world, partly by the hope of trade, the Portuguese by 1446 reached Cape Verde, then the equator, and by 1482 the Congo River.

　　3.In the nineteenth century, and especially after the coming of the steamship, the stream of European emigration to the new empty lands of America and Australia rose for some decades to the scale of a great migration.

　　4.The final Roman withdrawal in 408 followed a period of increasing disorder during which the island began to be raided by Angles, Saxons and Jutes from northern Europe. It is from the Angles that the name "England" derives.

　　5.On June 22, 1941, without a declaration of war, Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the largest military land campaign in history. Caught off guard, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed the Russian people to "scorch the earth" in front of the German invaders.

　　6.The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate General P. G. T.

　　Beauregard opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, and lasted until May 26, 1865, when the last Confederate army surrendered.

　　7.The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the rapid expansion of the Indian railroad network dramatically cut the time and costs of importing Indian products into Great Britain and other parts of the Empire.

　　8.Climatic conditions, overpopulation, political rivalries, civil war, and domestic economic policies also contributed notably throughout the twentieth century to the recurrent horror of famine.

　　9.Abraham Lincoln, was determined at all costs to preserve the unity of the nation, even if it meant war.

　　10.Renaissance was a movement called the "revival of learning", and as a result some brave people started their expedition by sailing west across the Atlantic with a belief in their minds that the earth was round.

　　答案

　　1.《獨立宣言》不僅宣告美國這個新型國家的誕生，而且將人權(quán)至上的哲學(xué)昭告于全世界。

　　2.歷史上，真正意義上的航海探索是在葡萄牙“航海家亨利親王”的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下開始的。葡萄牙人一方面希望繞過伊斯蘭世界，另一方面，又希望發(fā)展貿(mào)易。1446年他們的船隊到達(dá)佛得角，隨后行至赤道，1482年到達(dá)了剛果河。

　　3.19世紀(jì)，特別是出現(xiàn)汽船之后，歐洲向美洲和澳大利亞無人居住的新大陸移民的潮流涌動了幾十年，到最后演變成大規(guī)模的遷移。

　　4.在羅馬人于408年最后撤走之前，該島開始遭到來自北歐的盎格魯人、撒克遜人和朱特人的侵?jǐn)_，經(jīng)歷了一段日趨混亂的時期�！癊ngland”這個詞正是從“Angles”而來的。

　　5.1941年6月22日，希特勒不宣而戰(zhàn)，入侵蘇聯(lián)，發(fā)動了歷史上規(guī)模最大的一場陸地戰(zhàn)役。蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人約瑟夫·斯大林被打了個措手不及，他指示全國人民在德國入侵者到來之前實行“焦土”政策。

　　6.1861年4月12日，南部邦聯(lián)的博勒加德將軍對南卡羅來納州查爾斯頓港的薩姆特要塞首先開火，美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)，一直持續(xù)到1865午5月26日最后一支南部邦聯(lián)軍投降。

　　7.1869年蘇伊士運河開通，后來鐵路在印度國內(nèi)迅速延伸，由此印度產(chǎn)品運往英國及英帝國其他地方，時間大大縮短，成本大幅下降。

　　8.氣候變化、人口激增、政治對立、內(nèi)戰(zhàn)和國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策也是導(dǎo)致整個20世紀(jì)饑荒不斷的主要原因。

　　9.亞伯拉翰·林肯堅持不惜一切代價維護(hù)聯(lián)邦的統(tǒng)一，即使發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭，也在所不惜。

　　10.文藝復(fù)興被稱為“恢復(fù)學(xué)習(xí)”的運動，因此一些勇敢的人開始橫渡大西洋，向西航行，他們堅信地球是圓的。

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