傾銷與反傾銷

　　如一公司以低于其國內(nèi)市場(chǎng)正常水平的價(jià)格出口產(chǎn)品，則被視為“傾銷”。 這是不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)嗎?意見各不相同。但許多國家政府針對(duì)傾銷采取措施，以保護(hù)其國內(nèi)產(chǎn)品�！禬TO協(xié)議》對(duì)此未作判斷，而將重點(diǎn)放在了各國政府能夠或者不能夠?qū)�傾銷做出反應(yīng)上，為反傾銷措施制定規(guī)則。 這一協(xié)議通常被稱為《反傾銷協(xié)議》。//

　　典型的反傾銷方法是對(duì)來自特定的出口國的特定產(chǎn)品征收額外進(jìn)口關(guān)稅，以便使其價(jià)格接近“正常價(jià)值”，或消除對(duì)進(jìn)口國國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)造成的損害。

　　一般來說，美國、歐盟、澳大利亞和加拿大一直是反傾銷措施的主要采取國。在WTO的檔案中，記錄了這四個(gè)國家采取反傾銷措施的案例占全部案例的45%。//

　　為什么發(fā)展中國家容易成為反傾銷的對(duì)象呢?

　　首先是，出口型經(jīng)濟(jì)容易導(dǎo)致貿(mào)易糾紛。因?yàn)榉e極參與出口是凡占國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)的捷徑，許多發(fā)展中國家實(shí)行了出口型的政策。結(jié)果，他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)比發(fā)達(dá)國家更依賴外貿(mào)，這樣，在發(fā)展中國家和發(fā)達(dá)國家間出現(xiàn)許多摩擦就沒有什么奇怪了。//

　　其次，從發(fā)展中國家出口的產(chǎn)品價(jià)格十分低廉。因?yàn)樗麄兊膭诹Ρ绕鸢l(fā)達(dá)國家便宜許多，生產(chǎn)成本低是顯而易見的。況且，發(fā)展中國家的產(chǎn)品通常設(shè)計(jì)比較不精美、不完善、這也會(huì)影響到價(jià)格。相比之下，在發(fā)達(dá)國家的勞動(dòng)密集型工業(yè)都是暮年產(chǎn)業(yè)，比起知識(shí)型產(chǎn)業(yè)他們很沒有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。他們的產(chǎn)品價(jià)格在他們國內(nèi)高得出奇，這個(gè)因素很容易引起國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)和管理部門的注意。//

　　11.4 ABC of the WTO

　　A: With the development of globalization, international economic organizations are playing a more important role. What are the major economic organizations in the world nowadays? Could you please tell me briefly about them, not only about their common characteristics in international trade practice, but also their particular features?

　　B: 三個(gè)主要的國際經(jīng)濟(jì)組織是世界銀行、國際貨幣基金組織和世界貿(mào)易組織。世界貿(mào)易組織是于1995年從關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定發(fā)展而來的，它是一個(gè)在貿(mào)易規(guī)則基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行貿(mào)易談判的論壇，也是一個(gè)解決國家之間貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端的世界性組織，其核心作用是處理成員國之間的貿(mào)易關(guān)系。

　　相比之下，世界銀行和國際貨幣基金組織是單獨(dú)與其成員國打交道。他們對(duì)工業(yè)化國家影響很小，但是對(duì)發(fā)展中國家出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)時(shí)，或者這些國家在尋找更多的外匯資源時(shí)卻有較大的影響。

　　A: The WTO has replaced the GATT and is much more than the GATT.Could people say in another way that the WTO is the multilateral trading system?

　　B: 從某種意義上可以這么說。在多邊貿(mào)易體制下，成員國之間采取多邊談判的方式使國際貿(mào)易規(guī)范化以及解決貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端。通過這種方法，世界貿(mào)易就會(huì)順利運(yùn)行，世界資源就會(huì)被有效利用。50幾年來，GATT和WTO在發(fā)展國際貿(mào)易方面起到了重要作用。就像你剛才所說的，WTO比GATT覆蓋的范圍更廣了、內(nèi)容更豐富了。所以，多邊貿(mào)易體制正在持續(xù)發(fā)展。

　　A: The WTO is a very busy and influential organization. Do all member governments have to obey the rules set by the TWO?

　　B: 不是這樣。WTO是以貿(mào)易規(guī)則為基礎(chǔ)的成員國制組織。也就是說，所有的決定都是由成員國政府制定的，所有的規(guī)則都是在成員國之間談判的成果。換句話說，WTO的所有決定都是通過協(xié)商而制定的，是民主可靠的。

　　A: The economy in developed countries is more powerful than that in developing countries, and much more powerful than that in underdeveloped countries. As an international economic organization, is the WTO’s decision-making under the control of the developed countries?

　　B: 總而言之，這是不可能的。所有的成員國都有同等的投票權(quán)，而且發(fā)展中國家的數(shù)量比發(fā)達(dá)國家多。但是，WTO是個(gè)國際組織，而發(fā)展中國家在經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力方面似乎弱一些，這就意味著在全球化方面他們不能起到主導(dǎo)作用。但不論怎么說，發(fā)達(dá)國家不可能通過他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力來控制WTO。WTO是一個(gè)以規(guī)則為基礎(chǔ)的組織，而這些規(guī)則不是由某些國家或集團(tuán)制定的，所有的決定都是取決于多數(shù)人的意見。

　　A: Can a WTO body directly impact on or change a government’s policies? Does the WTO control the governments of member states?

　　B: 只有一種情況WTO會(huì)對(duì)政府的政策產(chǎn)生直接的影響，那就是當(dāng)一個(gè)爭(zhēng)端提交給WTO ，而且需要通過爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行裁決的時(shí)候。一般情況下，爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)是通過專家組成的決定或者是上訴報(bào)告進(jìn)行裁決的。

　　即使是這樣，裁決的幅度也是很小的。它通常是一個(gè)簡單的判斷或者是說明，指出該國政府是否已經(jīng)違反了WTO的協(xié)議，是否該國政府已經(jīng)違背了她必須遵守的諾言。除此之外，WTO沒有要求政府采用或改變特定的政策。

　　A: Trade is the most important matter that the WTO is concerned with. So some people think that the WTO is willing to do anything to promote free trade. What is your opinion on this?

　　B: 這是對(duì)世界貿(mào)易組織許多誤解之一。WTO體制的原則之一就是各國應(yīng)該降低貿(mào)易壁壘，讓貿(mào)易更加自由。畢竟，各國從降低貿(mào)易壁壘中擴(kuò)大了貿(mào)易并從中獲利。但是，成員國之間討價(jià)還價(jià)最多的是究竟要降低到什么程度。他們談判的立場(chǎng)取決于他們情愿降到什么程度，以及他們能從其他成員國獲得多少回報(bào)。一個(gè)國家的承諾變成了另一個(gè)國家的權(quán)利，反之亦然。

　　A: “Fair competition” is one of the basic principles of the WTO. International trade should be fair in competition. How does the WTO ensure that this principle is obeyed?

　　B: WTO 已經(jīng)草擬一系列規(guī)則。這些規(guī)則詳細(xì)說明了什么是“公平”什么是“不公平” ，以及政府應(yīng)該對(duì)“不公平”做出什么反應(yīng)。如果違背WTO的規(guī)則，受害方可以采取反傾銷或者“補(bǔ)償措施”進(jìn)行補(bǔ)救。

　　我想要指出的是 WTO不是個(gè)自由貿(mào)易組織，而應(yīng)該是一個(gè)多貿(mào)易組織。作為多邊貿(mào)易組織，它允許關(guān)稅和其他形式的保護(hù)形式的存在。然而，WTO的目標(biāo)是消除貿(mào)易壁壘，鼓勵(lì)公平、正當(dāng)和自由的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

　　11.5 Speech by President Hu Jintao at the opening ceremony of the 2005 FORTUNE Global Forum in Beijing

　　Distinguished Mr. Richard D. Parsons,

　　Honored guests,

　　Ladies and gentlemen,

　　Good evening! I am very delighted to be with you here to join in the opening ceremony of the 2005 FORTUNE Global Forum in Beijing on this beautiful evening. To begin with, I’d like, on behalf of the Chinese government, and also in my own person, to express my sincere welcome to all of you, and congratulations to the forum sponsor, Time Warner Inc.//

　　….

　　Since the implementation of the reform and opening-up program pioneered by Mr. Deng Xiaoping in 1978, China has undergone a profound transformation never seen in the country before. In a short span of 26 years from 1978 to 2004, China’s GDP increased from 147.3 billion US dollars to 1.6494 trillion US dollars, with an average annual growth rate of 9.4 percent. Its foreign trade rose from 20.6 billion US dollars to 1.1548 trillion US dollars, averaging an annual growth rate of over 16 percent.// China’s foreign exchange reserve increased from 167 million US dollars to 609.9 billion US dollars. The number of poor rural people has dwindled from some 250 million to 26 million. The overall national strength of China has increased remarkably and the texture of life of its people improved steadily. // While inheriting and carrying forward their proud past, the 1.3 billion Chinese people are writing a new chapter in history as they march with one mind on the road of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. We in China have identified the goal for the first 20 years of this century. That is to firmly seize the strategic opportunities to build a moderately prosperous society of higher standards in an all-round way for the benefit of our over one billion people. By 2020,we will quadruple China’s GDP of 2000 to approximately 4 trillion US dollars with a per capital level of some 3,000 US dollars, and further develop the economy, improve democracy, advance science and education, enrich culture, foster greater social harmony and upgrade the texture of life for the people.…

　　Ladies and Gentlemen,

　　China and the rest of Asia and the world at large are closely related when it comes to development. A developing China will, as always, generate cooperation opportunities with win-win results for other countries in Asia and the world over. By the end of 2004, China had attracted a total of 562.1 billion US dollars in FDI, approved the establishment in China of more than 500,000 foreign-funded enterprises and created a huge import market of some 560 billion US dollars annually.//

　　At present, most countries and regions have enterprises with investments in China, and over 400 firms out of the FORTUNE 500 have invested in China. The number of R&D centers set up by foreign investors in China has exceeded 700. As China becomes more developed, its cooperation with other countries and their corporations of various types is bound to increase in scale. //

　　China will keep opening up its market, find new ways of using foreign capital, improve laws and regulations for encouraging and protecting foreign investors, revamp foreign economic management, step up protection of intellectual property rights, and work still harder to help foreign investors and create an even better environment for trade an economic cooperation between China and the rest of the world.…

　　Facts have proved that such cooperation serves our mutual interests. We look forward to continued expansion of your investment in China and your still closer economic and technological cooperation with Chinese enterprises. I believe that you will give greater scope to the advantages of your companies and your rich managerial expertise and play a critical role in facilitating international economics and technological cooperation and promoting economic development regionally and globally. Let us join hands and work together to contribute a greater share to world peace and common development.

　　May I conclude by wishing the 2005 FORTUNE Global Forum in Beijing a complete success.