漢譯英

　　1.春節(jié)

　　中國的春節(jié)在農(nóng)歷一月一日，是新一年的開始。這是舉家團(tuán)圓的時(shí)刻。一般說來，在春節(jié)前幾天，只要有可能的話，多數(shù)人無論身處何地都會回家，就像圣誕節(jié)一樣，人們會買很多東西如食品、禮物、衣服和煙花爆竹給孩子們。在除夕之夜，多數(shù)農(nóng)村家庭仍然保持著一些傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗，如在兩扇門上都貼上門神和春聯(lián)1。他們把“�！弊值官N在墻上和家具的門上，意思是“福到了”2。除夕之夜的年夜飯是必不可少的程序。全家人圍坐著一張桌子一同分享佳肴，人多的話興許不止一張桌子。家人還會為沒能趕回家的親人留些座位，仿佛他們也在一起吃似的。3年夜飯過后，大家會坐在一起，觀看中央電視臺的春節(jié)特別節(jié)目，等待新年的到來。午夜將近時(shí)，特別節(jié)目也接近尾聲，這時(shí)家家戶戶都到戶外去放鞭炮，據(jù)說這樣可以驅(qū)妖除魔。新年的早飯是很特別的，北方人吃餃子，南方人吃糯米飯團(tuán)。4走親訪友從新年的第一天就開始了，俗稱“拜年”。每到這時(shí)，孩子們是最開心的，因?yàn)樗麄兛梢詮拈L輩那里拿到壓歲錢，據(jù)說壓歲錢能帶給他們好運(yùn)。新年第五天，人們祭拜財(cái)神，送走新年。

　　春節(jié)就結(jié)束了。

　　2.端午節(jié)

　　公元前278年，也就是屈原六十二歲那年，他在汩羅江邊，聽到秦國軍隊(duì)攻破了楚國的國都，6便懷著悲痛的心情，抱了一塊石頭，投汩羅江自殺了。7那天正好是農(nóng)歷五月五日。8楚國人民非常熱愛屈原。9汩羅江附近的老百姓聽到屈原自殺的消息，都紛紛趕來，劃著漁船，拿著竹竿，四處打撈屈原的遺體，結(jié)果什么也沒有打撈到。10大家非常失望，又十分懷念屈原。11他們擔(dān)心屈原的遺體被江里的魚蝦吃掉，就劃著船，把包好的粽子扔到江里去給魚蝦吃。他以后，每到農(nóng)歷五月五日這一天，中國人家家戶戶都包粽子，吃粽子，表示對偉大詩人屈原的紀(jì)念。13這就是中國人民的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日“端午節(jié)”。

　　詞匯

　　1.農(nóng)歷lunar calendar

　　2.煙花fireworks

　　3.鞭炮firecrackers

　　4.驅(qū)妖除魔to drive evils away

　　5.糯米飯團(tuán)glutinous rice balls

　　6.汩羅江the Miluo River

　　7.打撈to retrieve

　　8.遺體body

　　9.粽子pyramid-shaped glutinous dumplings wrapped in reed or bamboo leaves

　　10.家家戶戶each household

　　注釋

　　1.“門神和春聯(lián)”：門神指的是門神年畫，漢語省略的部分英語應(yīng)該補(bǔ)充，painting of door gods;春聯(lián)：couplets;注意春聯(lián)是復(fù)數(shù)的。

　　2.此句牽涉到漢語特有的諧音特色，如“倒”和“到”，然而英語很難表達(dá)，可以適當(dāng)加腳注，避免文化元素的遺漏。

　　3.“沒能趕回來的親人”可直接譯為absent members;“留位置”分析可知是也會其安排位置的意思，可譯為：arrange the seats for...另外，須注意虛擬語氣的使用。

　　4.漢語是動詞性很強(qiáng)的語言，而英語則相對倚重名詞或名詞性成分，所以這里“北方人吃餃子，南方人吃糯米飯團(tuán)”不需要一一對應(yīng)翻譯成兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)簡單的句子，轉(zhuǎn)換詞性，再合并即可。參考譯文：Jiaozi for those in North China and small glutinous rice balls for the southerners.5.漢語十分講究“有始有終”，形式上的完整。這句可與前一句合并譯為On the fifth day，people celebrate the end of the Festival by worshipping the Fortune God.

　　6.這里“在汩羅江邊……”不能簡單地理解為“他在汩羅江邊聽到”楚國的國都淪陷的消息。事實(shí)上，屈原當(dāng)時(shí)被楚懷王流放，生活在那里，所以應(yīng)譯為staying/living in exile at the side of the Miluo River。另外，漢語中從句在前，主句在后，專有名詞“屈原”先出現(xiàn)，代詞“他”后出現(xiàn)，但是在英語中通常(專有)名詞放在主句里，代詞放在從句里，所以參考譯文中作了相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。

　　7.原文中的第一句句子到這里才結(jié)束，譯成英語時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)段落的語義結(jié)構(gòu)，作恰當(dāng)?shù)那蟹帧?/P>

　　這里可在“國都”后斷句，前一句表達(dá)屈原聽到了這個(gè)壞消息，后一句表達(dá)他自殺的事件，與本段的后一句自然地銜接。其次，后一句中原文看上去有四個(gè)動詞，即“懷著”、“抱”、“投(江)”和“自殺”。實(shí)際上，“懷著”和“抱”僅僅表示伴隨的狀況，而“投(江)”和“自殺”絕不能分解為兩個(gè)動作(即先跳入江中然后再自殺)，而應(yīng)理解為一個(gè)動作。有人把本句譯為：He was so sad that he held a large stone in his arms，jumped into the river and killed himself，這樣英語讀者就可能理解為：屈原先跳入江中，然后用石頭砸死了自己。參考譯文把本句簡明地譯為：Overwhelmed with grief，he drowned himself in the river with a large stone in his arms。其中的非謂語動詞overwhelmed和介詞短語with a large stone in his arms，值得仔細(xì)體會。

　　8.這里“正好”二字應(yīng)譯為happened to be，因?yàn)椤稗r(nóng)歷五月五日”隱含著“端午”之意。

　　9.學(xué)者看到“非常熱愛”二字，往往很自然地會譯為“動詞+副詞”結(jié)構(gòu)love... very much。在比較正式的文體中，常常需要把漢語中的動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，如本句可譯為had a profound love for...。參考譯文加了esteem -詞，更為正式。

　　10.本句“聽到屈原自殺消息”，重復(fù)了前句中的名詞“屈原”。英語中用代詞或其他手段替代剛剛提到過的名詞。本句最好譯成on hearing the news of his suicide，意為這些老百姓一聽到消息就趕來了。如用when或after引導(dǎo)的從句，都與原意不符。其次，對本句中一連串的動詞分析一下，便可清楚，本句的語義重點(diǎn)是“打撈”，所以這個(gè)詞組應(yīng)譯為謂語動詞，其他動詞詞組則可譯為動詞的非謂語形式或介詞短語。另外，“什么也沒打撈到”在英語中不宜重復(fù)動詞，或譯為but failed或but of no avail。

　　11.本句中沒有實(shí)質(zhì)性的“情節(jié)”，在英語中通常不宜單獨(dú)成句，而根據(jù)上下文，把它與上句或下句合并。參考譯文中把它譯為filled with a sense of loss并與下句合并，不失為一種好辦法。

　　12.這里“給魚蝦吃”不能簡單地譯為to feed the fish and shrimps，因?yàn)閒eed這個(gè)詞意味著他們在飼養(yǎng)魚蝦。本句應(yīng)理解為“把魚蝦引開”，所以可譯為to divert the fish and shrimps。

　　13.“表示對某人的紀(jì)念”可譯為to commemorate sb.或in memory of sb。

　　14.現(xiàn)有的漢英詞典都把“端午節(jié)”譯為the Dragon Boat Festival，這種譯法在很多情況下是不可取的。如本文的下面還有“端午節(jié)還有賽龍舟的習(xí)俗……所以端午節(jié)又叫龍舟節(jié)”。因此，這種譯法有時(shí)候是行不通的。事實(shí)上，“端午”即“重五”，亦即“農(nóng)歷五月五日”之意，所以應(yīng)參考“重陽節(jié)”的譯法( the Double Ninth Festival).把“端午節(jié)”直譯為the Double Fifth Festival。

　　參考譯文

　　1.The Spring Festival

　　According to the Chinese lunar calendar, the Spring Festival falls on the first day of the first month, which marks the beginning of a new year. It is a time for family reunion. In most cases, just a few days before the festival, if possible, most of the family members come home, no matter where they are. And like the Christmas season, people buy a lot of things: food, gifts, clothing and fireworks for children. On the New Year's eve, most of the families in the countryside still keep the customs of pasting paintings of door gods on the two doors and couplets on either side of the doors. They put the Chinese character meaning "happiness" upside down and paste it on walls and doors of the furniture to mean "happiness has come." Feast dinner is a must for the whole family on the New Year's eve, when all the family members sit at one or more tables. Dinner seats will be arranged for the absent members as if they were also joining the dinner. After dinner, they sit together waiting for the coming of the New Year, usually by watching the CCTV special program for Spring Festival. At midnight when it is near the end of the program, every family goes out to set off firecrackers, which is said to drive evils away. Breakfast for the New Year's Day is special, Jiaozi for those in North China and small glutinous rice balls for the southerners.

　　Visits are exchanged to relatives and friends from the New Year's Day on, which is called "Bainian". Children are the happiest ones because they can get lucky money from their seniors.

　　The money is believed to bring good luck to them. On the fifth day, people celebrate the end of the Festival by worshipping the Fortune God.

　　2.The Double Fifth Festival

　　In the year of 278 B. C., when he was 62 and staying at the side of the Miluo River, Qu Yuan heard that Qin troops had finally conquered Chu's capital. Overwhelmed with grief and despair, he drowned himself in the river, with a large stone in his arms. That day happened to be the fifth day of the fifth month in the Chinese lunar calendar.

　　The people of Chu had a great esteem and love for Qu Yuan. On hearing the news of his suicide, people who lived nearby came hurriedly in boats and attempted to retrieve his body with long bamboo poles but, to their distress, without avail. Filled with a deep sense of loss and worried that his body might be eaten up by fish and shrimps, they threw into the water pyramid- shaped glutinous dumplings wrapped in reed or bamboo leaves to divert them. Since then, on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month every year, each household in China would make and eat rice dumplings to commemorate the great poet Qu Yuan. This is the traditional Chinese festival known as the Double Fifth Festival.

　　練習(xí)

　　1.我國是個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)大國，很多節(jié)令風(fēng)俗的起源都與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)有關(guān)。

　　2.南京的魅力在于其兼有絕倫的自然風(fēng)光和絢麗的文化傳統(tǒng)。

　　3.故宮中典藏一百多萬種珍貴文物，其中不少是獨(dú)一無二的國寶。

　　4.上海匯聚了10，000多種地方特色菜，美食之眾，譽(yù)滿天下。

　　5.農(nóng)歷五月初五端午節(jié)。它起源于先秦時(shí)代，一直流傳至今。

　　6.史前時(shí)期，人們通過各種典禮儀式詮釋那些戲劇性的令人敬畏的事件，諸如：生、死和重大自然現(xiàn)象。

　　7.未來的文化發(fā)展有賴于一種能力，一種為藝術(shù)家提供異己文化食糧的能力。

　　8.中國書法是利用毛筆的速度與力度，將方塊字轉(zhuǎn)變成富有表現(xiàn)力的圖案的一門藝術(shù)。

　　9.人類需要一種方式來宣泄內(nèi)心深處的恐懼和憂慮，于是創(chuàng)造出戲劇情節(jié)來模仿和表達(dá)這些情感。

　　10.結(jié)婚那一天新娘和新郎不能見面，據(jù)說不吉利。直到舉行婚禮時(shí)雙方才能碰面。

　　答案

　　1.China is an agricultural country, and many festivals and customs are associated with agriculture.

　　2.The attraction of Nanjing lies in the combination of rich natural and cultural heritages.

　　3.The Palace Museum houses more than one million valuable historical relics, many of which are unique national treasures.

　　4.Shanghai enjoys an international reputation for the excellent cuisine - more than 10,000 specialty dishes can be found here.

　　5.The Dragon-boat Festival, which falls on the 5th day of the 5th lunar month, can be traced back to the pre-Qin period and has been passed down to the present day.

　　6.In pre-historical times, ceremonies and rituals helped people explain such awe-inspiring, dramatic events as birth, death and powerful natural forces.

　　7.The future of cultures depends on the capacity to give artists means to feast on other cultures。

　　8.Chinese calligraphy is an art of turning square Chinese characters into expressive images by the responsiveness of speed and pressure of a pointed Chinese brush.

　　9.Man needs a way to cope with his deepest fears and concerns so he creates dramatic situations that mimic and express these feelings.

　　10.On the wedding day it is supposed to be bad luck for the bride and groom to see each other before the wedding.

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