2017年catti中級(jí)筆譯考試模擬試題：氣候變化對(duì)家畜的影響

　　【英譯漢】

　　Impacts of Climatic Changes on Livestock: A Canadian Perspective

　　There are more than 90,000 livestock operations in Canada, which accounted for more than $17 billion in farm cash receipts in 20001.Despite the economic importance of livestock operations to Canada2, relatively few studies have examined how they could be impacted by climate change. 3

　　Temperature is generally considered to be4 the most important bioclimatic factor for livestock. Warmer temperatures are expected to present both benefits and challenges to livestock operations. Benefits would be particularly evident during winter, when 5 warmer weather lowers feed requirements, increases survival of the young, and reduces energy costs. Challenges would increase during the summer, however, when heat waves can kill animals. For example, large numbers of chicken deaths are commonly reported in the United States during heat waves. 6 Heat stress also adversely affects milk production, meat quality and dairy cow reproduction. In addition, warmer summer temperatures have been shown to suppress appetites in livestock and hence reduce weight gain. For example, a study conducted in Appalachia found that a 5︒C increase in mean summer temperature7 caused a l0% decrease in cow, calf and dairy operations.

　　Provided there is adequate moisture, warmer temperatures and elevated CO2 concentrations are generally expected to increase growth rates in grasslands and pastures. 8 It is estimated that a doubling of9 atmospheric CO2 would increase grassland productivity by an average of 17%, with greater increases projected for colder regions and moisture-limited grassland systems. However, study results tend to vary greatly with location, and changes in species composition may affect the actual impacts10 on livestock grazing. For instance, studies have noted future climate changes, particularly extreme events, may promote the invasion of alien species into grasslands, which could reduce the nutritional quality of the grass.

　　An increase in severe moisture deficits due to drought may require producers to reduce their stock of grazing cattle to preserve their land, as exemplified by the drought of 2001 when many Prairie producers had to cull their herds. For the 2002 season, it was predicted that many pastures would be unable to support any grazing, while others would be reduced to 20-300/o of normal herd capacity.

　　There is relatively little literature available on the impacts of extreme climate events on livestock. Nevertheless, storms, blizzards and droughts are an important concern for livestock operations. In addition to the direct effects on animals, storms may result in power outages that can devastate farms that are heavily dependent upon electricity for daily operations. This was exemplified by" the 1998 ice storm in eastern Ontario and southern Quebec, when the lack of power left many dairy farms unable to use their milking machines. This threatened the health of the cows (due to potential mastitis) and caused significant revenue losses. Milk revenue was also lost through the inability to store the milk at the proper temperature.12 Furthermore, the lack of electricity made it difficult to provide adequate barn ventilation and heating, thereby making the animals more susceptible to illness.

　　詞匯

　　1.cash receipts現(xiàn)金收入

　　2.bioclimatic factor生物氣候因素

　　3.heat wave/heat stress熱浪

　　4.C02 concentration二氧化碳濃度

　　5.grassland/pasture/prairie草原，草地，草場(chǎng)

　　6.grazing放牧

　　7.cull揀選，剔除

　　8.herd capacity放牧能力

　　9.mastitis乳突炎

　　10.revenue收入

　　注釋

　　1.本句中which引導(dǎo)的定話從句補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明加拿大家畜業(yè)的收入情況，漢譯時(shí)不必譯為前置定語(yǔ)，可獨(dú)立譯為一句，更符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣：加拿大有9萬(wàn)多家家畜企業(yè)，2000年現(xiàn)金收入超過(guò)170億美元。

　　2.此處為despite介詞詞組做狀語(yǔ)，漢譯時(shí)需譯成句子。漢譯時(shí)，一般英語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)都可譯作漢語(yǔ)的一個(gè)分句，更符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。此外，英語(yǔ)以名詞為勝，經(jīng)常使用名詞、名詞詞組和介詞詞組，而漢語(yǔ)則以動(dòng)詞為勝，本句就又是一例。

　　3.表述之前已提到內(nèi)容時(shí)，英語(yǔ)常用代詞、助動(dòng)詞、近義詞等替代，漢語(yǔ)則常采用重復(fù)的手段。這里的they指代之前的Livestock operations，漢譯時(shí)應(yīng)將they譯為“家畜業(yè)”，而不能簡(jiǎn)單地用“它們”對(duì)應(yīng)。關(guān)于替代與重復(fù)這一技巧請(qǐng)參見本單元的Skills of Translation.

　　4.科技英語(yǔ)中大量使用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，以使內(nèi)容更具客觀性。然而漢語(yǔ)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)使用并不廣泛，所以漢譯時(shí)一般需轉(zhuǎn)為主動(dòng)，故此句譯為：“對(duì)家畜而言，氣溫通常是最為重要的生物氣候因素�！�

　　5.此句中when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句具有狀語(yǔ)功能，漢譯時(shí)可將其譯作狀語(yǔ)從句，使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞“因?yàn)椤北砻魃舷挛年P(guān)系。下句講夏季溫度上升的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，也使用了when，兩者情況相似。

　　6. large numbers of chicken deaths are commonly reported in the United States during heat waves本句顯然不能機(jī)械地譯作“在美國(guó)熱浪時(shí)期，大量小雞死亡通常被報(bào)道”，不妨將動(dòng)詞report化作名詞，將名詞heat waves化為主謂詞組，譯為“熱浪來(lái)襲時(shí)，美國(guó)經(jīng)常有大批小雞死亡的報(bào)道”，更符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。

　　7.mean summer temperature意為“夏季平均氣溫”。此處mean的意思為居于兩端中間的、平均的，相似例子有，mean moisture(平均濕度)、mean price(財(cái)務(wù)、證券交易經(jīng)紀(jì)人買進(jìn)賣出的平均價(jià)格)、Greenwich Mean Time(格林尼治時(shí)間)等。

　　8.此句又為被動(dòng)句，翻譯技巧同注釋4。這里的grasslands和pastures分別為“草場(chǎng)”和“草原”，不能籠統(tǒng)地都譯為“草地”。

　　9.a doubling of可譯為“翻一番”、“兩倍”、“增長(zhǎng)一倍”等，這里的英文表達(dá)方式很值得借鑒�？萍嘉墨I(xiàn)中表示倍數(shù)、增減等概念的數(shù)字較多，并有多種表達(dá)方法，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)弄清確切含義，選擇合適的表達(dá)方法。倍數(shù)的譯法請(qǐng)參見本單元的Skills of Translation。

　　10.原文中the actual impact on livestock grazing翻譯時(shí)需根據(jù)上下文補(bǔ)充“氣候變化”

　　譯為“氣候變化對(duì)家畜放牧的實(shí)際影響”，使之完整，前后連貫。

　　11.奉文中多次舉例，使用for example，for instance，as exemplified by，be exemplified by等表達(dá)方式，漢譯一般譯作“例如”、“比如”。不妨多積累些表示舉例的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)方法，在漢譯英時(shí)即可游刃有余。

　　12.Milk revenue was also lost through the inability to store the milk at the proper temperature本句結(jié)果在前，原因在后，漢譯時(shí)可按“先因后果”的漢語(yǔ)邏輯習(xí)慣調(diào)整語(yǔ)序，譯為：牛奶無(wú)法在合適的溫度下存放也導(dǎo)致了收入的減少。

　　【參考譯文】

　　氣候變化對(duì)家畜的影響——加拿大的視角

　　加拿大有9萬(wàn)多家家畜企業(yè)，2000年現(xiàn)金收入超過(guò)170億美元。家畜業(yè)對(duì)加拿大經(jīng)濟(jì)舉足輕重，但是，有關(guān)氣候變化對(duì)家畜業(yè)影響的研究卻相對(duì)不足。

　　對(duì)家畜而言，氣溫通常是最為重要的生物氣候因素。溫度較高對(duì)家畜業(yè)既有益處，也有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這種益處在冬季尤為明顯，因?yàn)闇囟容^高，就會(huì)降低家畜飼養(yǎng)要求，提高幼畜存活幾率，節(jié)約能源成本。然而在夏季，溫度上升的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就會(huì)凸現(xiàn)，熱浪可能置牲畜于死地。例如，熱浪來(lái)襲時(shí)，美國(guó)經(jīng)常有大批小雞死亡的報(bào)道。熱浪對(duì)牛奶生產(chǎn)、肉制品質(zhì)量以及奶牛繁殖也很不利。另外，研究表明，夏季氣溫較高會(huì)抑止家畜的食欲，從而影響其體重增長(zhǎng)。

　　如阿巴拉契亞地區(qū)的一項(xiàng)研究表明，夏季平均氣溫上升5攝氏度，會(huì)導(dǎo)致奶牛、肉牛和奶制品產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)值減少10%。

　　假設(shè)濕度適宜，較高的氣溫和二氧化碳濃度通常會(huì)提高草場(chǎng)和草原的生長(zhǎng)率。據(jù)估計(jì)，大氣中二氧化碳濃度翻一番，草場(chǎng)產(chǎn)量就會(huì)平均增長(zhǎng)17 010，在較冷的地區(qū)和濕度較低的草場(chǎng)上增長(zhǎng)率更高。然而，研究結(jié)果地區(qū)差異很大，而物種構(gòu)成的變化，也會(huì)使氣候變化對(duì)家畜放牧的實(shí)際影響有所不同。比如，多項(xiàng)研究指出，未來(lái)氣候變化，尤其是極端氣候情況的出現(xiàn)，會(huì)助長(zhǎng)外來(lái)物種侵入草場(chǎng)，從而降低草的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值。

　　干旱引起的濕度虧欠增加，會(huì)迫使牧場(chǎng)主減少牲畜存欄數(shù)，以保護(hù)草場(chǎng)。2001年的干旱就迫使許多草原牧場(chǎng)主大量宰殺病弱牲畜。2002年曾有人預(yù)言，許多草原將不再能放牧，而其他草原的正常放牧能力也將下降20-30%。

　　雖然有關(guān)極端氣候事件對(duì)家畜影響的現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)相對(duì)較少，但毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，暴風(fēng)雨、暴風(fēng)雪和干旱是影響家畜業(yè)的重要因素。除了對(duì)牲畜的直接影響外，暴風(fēng)雨會(huì)導(dǎo)致電力供應(yīng)中斷。

　　那些高度依賴電力的農(nóng)場(chǎng)的日常運(yùn)作，將受到嚴(yán)重影響。例如，1998年安大略省東部和魁北克南部遭受暴風(fēng)雪時(shí)，許多產(chǎn)奶場(chǎng)因缺電無(wú)法使用擠奶機(jī)器，從而威脅奶牛的健康(因?yàn)榭赡軐?dǎo)致乳突炎)，并對(duì)農(nóng)戶收入造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p失。牛奶無(wú)法在合適的溫度下存放也導(dǎo)致了銷售收入的減少。此外，缺電還容易導(dǎo)致谷倉(cāng)通風(fēng)不暢，供暖不足，使奶牛易于患病。