中美貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)的真相

The Truth About China-U.S. Trade War

駐多米尼克大使盧坤就中美貿(mào)易摩擦在多主流媒體發(fā)表署名文章

Ambassador Lu Kun Published a Signed Article on China-U.S. Trade War

2019年6月26日

26 June 2019

　　近日，駐多米尼克大使盧坤在多《紀(jì)事報(bào)》、《太陽報(bào)》和多米尼克新聞在線等主流媒體發(fā)表題為《中美貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)的真相》的署名文章，澄清中美貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)事實(shí)、批駁所謂“美國吃虧論”并闡述中方立場。盧大使文章全文譯文如下：

　　Recently, H.E. Lu Kun, Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China in the Commonwealth of Dominica published a signed article entitled “The Truth About China-U.S. Trade War” in Dominican mainstream media including the Chronicle, the SUN and Dominica News Online, elaborating on China’s position on the China-U.S. trade war. Following is the full text of Ambassador Lu’s article:

　　近日，中美貿(mào)易摩擦成為全球焦點(diǎn)。自2018年3月以來，美國頻頻揮舞關(guān)稅“大棒”，單方面挑起中美經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦。中國一方面不得不采取有力應(yīng)對(duì)措施，堅(jiān)決捍衛(wèi)國家和人民利益，另一方面與美國開展多輪經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商，努力穩(wěn)定雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系和世界經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)。

　　Recently, economic and trade dispute between China and the U.S. has become a global concern. Wielding tariffs as a “big stick”, the current U.S. administration has unilaterally provoked economic and trade frictions with China since March 2018, when it launched an investigation under Section 301 against China. China has had to take countermeasures to defend the interests of the nation and its people while at the same time, engaging in multiple rounds of economic and trade consultations with the U.S. in an effort to stabilize the bilateral commercial relationship and the world economy.

　　美國以所謂“美國吃虧論”和中國“竊取”美知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)作為挑起貿(mào)易摩擦的借口完全站不住腳。

　　In order to justify its initiation of the trade friction, the U.S. has accused China of pursuing “trade surplus” and of “stealing” intellectual property. Such claims are totally groundless.

　　美國“吃虧”了嗎?

　　The Myth of “Trade Imbalance”

　　一是美國對(duì)華貿(mào)易赤字被嚴(yán)重高估。美國商務(wù)部公布2018年對(duì)華貨物貿(mào)易逆差為6210億美元，但沒有公布對(duì)華服務(wù)貿(mào)易順差1500億美元。美國還把香港、臺(tái)灣來源于大陸的貨物轉(zhuǎn)口到美國的貨物都計(jì)入中國出口的總盤子，而美國通過香港、臺(tái)灣轉(zhuǎn)口中國的貨物卻不計(jì)算在內(nèi)，按照這種特殊導(dǎo)向的雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)計(jì)算對(duì)華貿(mào)易額，必然造成數(shù)據(jù)失真。最近，中國商務(wù)部發(fā)布《關(guān)于美國在中美經(jīng)貿(mào)合作中獲益情況的研究報(bào)告》，根據(jù)中美兩國商務(wù)部開展的聯(lián)合研究，該報(bào)告測算出2018年美對(duì)華總體貿(mào)易實(shí)際逆差額約為1536億美元，僅為美方公布逆差額的37%。

　　One, the U.S. deficits are overstated. The U.S. Department of Commerce announced that its trade deficit with China in 2018 was 621 billion U.S. dollars, but did not announce a trade surplus of 150 billion U.S. dollars in services. The U.S. also counted re-exported goods from Hong Kong and Taiwan originating from the mainland to the U.S. in the total profile of China’s exports, while the U.S. re-export to China through Hong Kong and Taiwan was not counted. This specially-oriented double standard will inevitably lead to data distortion. Recently, the Chinese Ministry of Commerce released the Research Report on US Gains from the China-US Trade and Economic Cooperation. With calculation based on the joint study of Chinese and U.S. commerce authorities, the Report proves that overall U.S. trade deficit to China should be around 153.6 billion dollars. That is only 37 percent of what the U.S. claims.

　　二是中美貿(mào)易不平衡的主要責(zé)任不在中方。貿(mào)易首先是市場的自發(fā)行為，中國從來沒有強(qiáng)買強(qiáng)賣。逆差的產(chǎn)生受到兩國產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力、經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)、發(fā)展階段、國際分工和貿(mào)易政策等客觀因素以及美元的國際貨幣地位、美國國內(nèi)的低儲(chǔ)蓄率和大量消費(fèi)和美方對(duì)高科技產(chǎn)品的出口限制等美國自身因素影響。因此，美國貿(mào)易逆差問題的根子在美國自身。

　　Two, the main responsibility for the trade imbalance between China and the U.S. is not in the Chinese side. First and foremost, trade is a spontaneous behavior of the market, and China has never imposed business deals on others. Trade deficit results from, among other things, differences between countries in industrial competitiveness, economic structure, stage of development, international division of labor and trade policies, as well as the international currency status of the U.S. dollar, the low domestic savings rate and the mass consumption within the U.S., and the export restrictions of the U.S. side on high-tech products. Therefore, the root of the U.S. trade deficit problem is in the U.S. itself.

　　三是美國實(shí)際在中美經(jīng)貿(mào)合作中受益巨大。自中美1979年建交以來，雙邊貨物貿(mào)易額從25億美元增長到2018年的6335億美元，過去40年雙向直接投資累計(jì)近1600億美元。中美兩國經(jīng)貿(mào)領(lǐng)域互補(bǔ)性強(qiáng)，互為重要貿(mào)易伙伴，彼此都是受益者。事實(shí)上，中國對(duì)美貨物貿(mào)易順差54%來自在華外資企業(yè)，53%來自加工貿(mào)易。中國企業(yè)拿到的加工費(fèi)是小頭，美國通過設(shè)計(jì)、零件供應(yīng)和營銷拿到的是大頭。此外，2009年至2018年，美對(duì)華出口支撐了超過110萬個(gè)美國就業(yè)崗位;2017年，美對(duì)華銷售收入總額約為9400億美元;美國自中國進(jìn)口低價(jià)商品幫助美國降低消費(fèi)物價(jià)水平和生產(chǎn)成本。這些事實(shí)都表明，在中美經(jīng)貿(mào)合作中，美國沒有吃虧，而是嘗盡了甜頭。

　　Three, the U.S. has actually reaped substantial gains from the bilateral economic and trade cooperation. Since China and the U.S. established diplomatic relations in 1979, bilateral goods trade surged from 2.5 billion U.S. dollars to 633.5 billion dollars last year and two-way direct investment totaled nearly 160 billion dollars in the past four decades. China and the U.S. are each others’ important trading partners and beneficiaries of such a complementary relationship. In fact, 54 percent of China’s goods trade surplus from the U.S. was generated by foreign firms and 53 percent of the surplus came from processing trade. China only earned from limited processing charges while the U.S. took the lion’s share of profits from designing, parts supply and marketing. Moreover, the U.S. exports to China supported more than 1.1 million American jobs from 2009 to 2018. The sales revenue of U.S. firms in the Chinese market exceeded 940 billion dollars in 2017. Importing high-quality products at a low price from China helps the U.S. keep comparatively low inflation and reduce its production costs. All of these speak to the fact that the U.S. is not losing, but instead, gaining huge benefits from the Chinese market.

　　中國“竊取”知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)?

　　Intellectual Property “Theft”?

　　中國在科技創(chuàng)新方面取得的成就是靠自力更生、艱苦奮斗得來的。目前，中國的主要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新指標(biāo)已進(jìn)入世界前列，重大科技創(chuàng)新成果不斷涌現(xiàn)，引領(lǐng)產(chǎn)業(yè)向中高端邁進(jìn)。2017年，全社會(huì)研發(fā)投入達(dá)1.76萬億元，規(guī)模居世界第二位;發(fā)明專利申請(qǐng)量達(dá)到138.2萬件，連續(xù)7年居世界首位;有效發(fā)明專利保有量居世界第三。

　　China's technological innovation is based on self-reliance and hard work. Now, in terms of some key innovation indices, China is already among the world’s leading players. In 2017, total R&D investment in China reached RMB 1.76 trillion, ranking second in the world. The number of patent applications reached 1.382 million, ranking No. 1 in the world for the seventh consecutive year. China ranks third in the world in terms of valid invention patents held.

　　同時(shí)，中國高度重視知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)。已建立起符合國際通行規(guī)則和適應(yīng)中國國情的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法律體系。在中國開展業(yè)務(wù)的外國公司所提出的擔(dān)憂，許多已通過司法改革和加強(qiáng)執(zhí)法機(jī)制得到解決。中國的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)成效獲國際廣泛認(rèn)可。

　　Meanwhile, China is fully committed to intellectual property protection. It has established a legal system for the protection of intellectual property that is consistent with prevailing international rules and adapted to China’s domestic conditions. Many of the concerns raised by foreign firms doing business in China have already been addressed through judicial reform and a strengthened enforcement mechanism. The effective impact of China’s intellectual property protection has won broad international recognition.

　　事實(shí)上，這場中美間的摩擦已超出貿(mào)易范疇，已成為自由貿(mào)易和保護(hù)主義、多邊主義和單邊主義、國際規(guī)則和霸權(quán)主義的沖突。

　　In fact, this friction between China and the U.S. extends far beyond trade issues. It is confrontation between free trade and protectionism, multilateralism and unilateralism, and international rules and hegemonism.

　　目前，美國貿(mào)易霸凌行徑殃及全球，損害多邊貿(mào)易體制，嚴(yán)重干擾全球產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈和供應(yīng)鏈，損害市場信心，給全球經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇帶來嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)，給經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化趨勢(shì)造成重大威脅。

　　So far, the impact of the U.S. trade bullying has been felt across the world, damaging the multilateral trading system, disrupting global industrial chains and supply chains, undermining market confidence, and posing a serious challenge to global economic recovery and a major threat to the trend of economic globalization.

　　中國的立場

　　China’s Position

　　美國挑起經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦后，中國不得不采取應(yīng)對(duì)措施，兩國貿(mào)易、投資關(guān)系受到影響。雙方從兩國人民福祉需要、從各自經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展需要出發(fā)，都認(rèn)為有必要坐下來進(jìn)行談判，通過磋商解決問題。目前已舉行11輪經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商，兩國就大部分內(nèi)容達(dá)成共識(shí)。但磋商也經(jīng)歷了幾次波折，每次波折都源于美國的違背共識(shí)、出爾反爾，并試圖強(qiáng)迫中國在原則問題上做出讓步，這是任何一個(gè)獨(dú)立的主權(quán)國家都無法接受的。

　　In response to the economic and trade friction started by the U.S., China has been forced to take countermeasures, as bilateral trade and investment relations took a hit. For the well-being of the Chinese and American people and the economic development of the two countries, both sides deemed it necessary to come to the negotiating table to seek a solution through consultation. Eleven rounds of economic and trade consultations have been held, with the two sides agreeing on most parts of the deal. But the consultations have not been free of setbacks, each of them being the result of the U.S. breaching consensus and commitments and coercing China into compromising on issues of principle, which no independent sovereign country would accept.

　　中方始終堅(jiān)信中美合則兩利，斗則俱傷，合作是雙方唯一正確的選擇。對(duì)于貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)，中國不愿打，不怕打，必要時(shí)不得不打。中方愿通過磋商方式解決問題，但在重大原則問題上中國決不讓步。作為國際社會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)任的一員，中國從兩國人民共同利益出發(fā)，本著相互尊重、平等互利、誠信為本的原則推動(dòng)兩國磋商。希望美國同中國相向而行，本著相互尊重、平等互利的精神，管控經(jīng)貿(mào)分歧，加強(qiáng)經(jīng)貿(mào)合作，共同推進(jìn)以協(xié)調(diào)、合作、穩(wěn)定為基調(diào)的中美關(guān)系，增進(jìn)兩國和世界人民福祉。

　　China always maintains that cooperation serves the interests of the two countries, that conflict can only hurt both, and that cooperation is the only correct choice for both sides. China does not want a trade war, but it is not afraid of one and it will fight one if necessary. China welcomes efforts to continue negotiations but will not back down on major issues of principle. As a responsible member of the international community and in the interests of both peoples, China is committed to credible consultations with the U.S. based on mutual respect, equality, mutual benefit and good faith. It is hoped that the U.S. can pull in the same direction with China and manage economic and trade differences, strengthen trade and economic cooperation, and jointly advance China-U.S. relations based on coordination, cooperation and stability for the well-being of both nations and the world.

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