定語(yǔ)從句的講解、練習(xí)及譯法

　　1.that和which用法比較：

　　1) which用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中。

　　e.g.: He said he was busy, which was not true.

　　他說(shuō)他很忙，那是假的。

　　We don’t want to enter the house, which is very cold.

　　我們不想進(jìn)房間，因?yàn)樘�冷了�?/P>

　　2) which用于介詞后做賓語(yǔ)。

　　e.g.: The room of which windows are opposite to the room is large.

　　窗戶(hù)正對(duì)著海的房間很大。

　　The chair in which you are sitting is made of iron.

　　你坐的椅子是用鋼做的。

　　3) that一定用于“不(不定代詞作先行詞時(shí))止(“只是”only修飾先行詞時(shí))最(形容詞最高級(jí)修飾先行詞時(shí))兩(先行詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)人和物)序(序數(shù)詞修飾先行詞時(shí))”五種情況。

　　e.g.: All that you need is help. 你所需要的是幫助。

　　A lot of things and children that are full of the car were lost in the district.

　　裝滿(mǎn)了車(chē)的東西和孩子們?cè)谶@個(gè)地區(qū)失蹤了。

　　That is only thing that I want to know.

　　那是我唯一想知道的事情。

　　The last book that you bought is that I wanted to buy.

　　你買(mǎi)的最后一本書(shū)是我想買(mǎi)的。

　　What is the size of the largest map that you have seen before?

　　你以前見(jiàn)過(guò)的最大的尺寸的地圖有多大?

　　2.定語(yǔ)從句的種類(lèi)

　　定語(yǔ)從句可分為非限定性定語(yǔ)從句(描繪性定語(yǔ)從句)和限定性定語(yǔ)從句。

　　e.g.: They don’t like that person who is noisy.

　　他們不喜歡那個(gè)吵鬧的人。

　　*非限定性定語(yǔ)從句(描繪性定語(yǔ)從句)和先行詞關(guān)系緊密，不可省略。

　　e.g.: They don’t like that person, who is noisy.

　　他們不喜歡那個(gè)人，因?yàn)樗�太吵鬧了。

　　*限定性定語(yǔ)從句和先行詞關(guān)系疏松，用逗號(hào)和主句隔開(kāi)，可以省略。它翻譯時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。

　　語(yǔ)法及詞匯練習(xí)

　　1. The bridge was named __ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.

　　A after B with C by D from

　　2. There were no tickets __ for Friday’s performance.

　　A preferable B considerable C possible D available

　　3. __ the Revolutionary War, the United States was an English colony.

　　A Inferior to B Superior to C Prior to D Preferable to

　　4. Cancer is second only __ heart disease as a cause of death.

　　A of B to C with D from

　　5. It wasn't such a good dinner __ she had promised us.

　　A that B which C as D what

　　6. American women were __ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle.

　　A ignored B neglected C refused D denied

　　7. They decided to chase the cow away __ it did more damage.

　　A unless B until C before D although

　　8. __ student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question.

　　A Each B Any C Either D One

　　9. The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at __ chemist’s.

　　A each B some C any D certain

　　10. All __ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.

　　A what is needed B for our needs C the thing needed D that is needed

　　11. __ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.

　　A When compared B Compare C While comparing D Comparing

　　12. After __ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.

　　A being interviewed B interviewed C interviewing D having interviewed

　　13. __ she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.

　　A That was from Stephen B It was Stephen whom

　　C It was from Stephen that D It was Stephen that

　　14. If these shoes are too big, ask the clerk to bring you a smaller __.

　　A suit B set C one D pair

　　15. Many new __ will be opened up in the future for those with a university education.

　　A opportunities B necessities C realities D probabilities

　　16. He must have had an accident, or he __ then.

　　A would have been here B had to be here C should be here D would be here

　　17. You __ all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing.

　　A needn’t have done B must not have done

　　C shouldn’t have done D can not have done

　　18. It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you __ it.

　　A mustn’t have done B wouldn’t have done

　　C mightn’t have done D didn’t have to do

　　19. It was essential that the applications forms __ back before the deadline.

　　A must be sent B would be sent C be sent D were sent

　　20. We __ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.

　　A just have had B have just had C just had D had just had

　　21. I had just started back for the house to change my clothes __ I heard voices.

　　A as B while C after D when

　　22. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, __ something occurred which attracted my attention.

　　A unless B until C when D while

　　23. It was essential that these application forms __ back as early as possible.

　　A must be sent B will be sent C are sent D be sent

　　24. The children went there to watch the iron tower __.

　　A to erect B be erected C erecting D being erected

　　25. The engine __ smoke and steam.

　　A gives up B gives in C gives away D gives off

　　26. The manager promised to keep me __ of how our business was going on.

　　A to be informed B on informing C informed D informing

　　27. The goals __ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.

　　A after which B for which C with which D at which

　　28. I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and __ in a quiet neighborhood.

　　A all in all B above all C after all D over all

　　29. __ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.

　　A For now B Now that C Ever since D By now

　　30. What you have done is __ the doctor’s orders.

　　A attached to B responsible to C resistant to D contrary to

　　譯法：

　　1.定語(yǔ)從句的前置合譯法：

　　On the whole, such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

　　譯文：總的來(lái)說(shuō)，得出這種結(jié)論是有一定程度把握的，但是必須具備兩個(gè)條件：能夠假定這個(gè)孩子對(duì)測(cè)試的態(tài)度和與他比較的另一些孩子的態(tài)度相同;他也沒(méi)有因?yàn)槿狈�別的孩子已掌握的有關(guān)知識(shí)而被扣分。

　　2.定語(yǔ)從句的前置合譯法與后置分譯法：

　　Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate response will experience greater intellectual development.

　　譯文：行為主義者認(rèn)為, 如果兒童的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境里有許多刺激因素, 這些因素又有利于其適當(dāng)反應(yīng)能力的發(fā)展, 那么, 兒童的智力就會(huì)發(fā)展到較高的水平。

　　The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took roots in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

　　譯文：希臘人認(rèn)為，語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)與思維能力過(guò)程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這一觀(guān)點(diǎn)在人們尚未認(rèn)識(shí)到語(yǔ)言的千差萬(wàn)別以前就早已在歐洲扎下了根。

　　3.定語(yǔ)從句的溶合變譯法;

　　This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.(48 words)

　　譯文：這種假設(shè)是依據(jù)這樣的一種謬論：人的本性中存在天生的惰性。而實(shí)際上，除了特別懶惰的人以外，幾乎沒(méi)有人愿意掙只相當(dāng)于最低生活維持費(fèi)的錢(qián)，也沒(méi)有人愿意飽食終日、無(wú)所事事。

　　定語(yǔ)從句翻譯練習(xí)：

　　1. Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.

　　在20世紀(jì)以前, 小說(shuō)中的婦女像都是一個(gè)模式。她們沒(méi)有任何特點(diǎn), 因而無(wú)法成為具有個(gè)性的人; 他們還要屈從于由男性主宰的文化傳統(tǒng)強(qiáng)加給他們的種種束縛。

　　2. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.

　　鋁總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合; 因?yàn)殇X跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力, 由于這個(gè)原因, 在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁。所以, 鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。

　　3. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.

　　對(duì)于以往幾代人來(lái)說(shuō), 舊式的體力勞動(dòng)是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段, 而技術(shù)的進(jìn)步則摧毀了窮人賴(lài)以為生的體力勞動(dòng), 因此首先體驗(yàn)到技術(shù)進(jìn)步之害的是窮人。

　　4. The number of the young people in the United States who can’t read is incredible about one in four.

　　大約有1/4的美國(guó)青年人沒(méi)有閱讀能力, 這簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信。(前置譯法)