When a person moves from one culture to another, he suddenly finds that much of what he has learned about interpreting the actions of people around him is suddenly irrelevant. He finds that the strategies he has used to influence people or events in certain ways are no longer effective, and the assumptions that guided his understandings and reactions are no longer reliable. Even distinguishing between the significant and the insignificant in a given situation becomes difficult, if not impossible.

　　【譯文】當(dāng)一個(gè)人從一種文化遷移到另一種文化時(shí)，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)許多他曾用來解釋周圍人們行為的方法突然不再靈驗(yàn)。同時(shí)也會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他曾用來影響人們的方法或處理事情的策略不再有效。曾有助于他理解事情并對(duì)事物做出反應(yīng)的種種設(shè)想也不再可靠。甚至對(duì)事物在某一情景中的重要性的判斷也變得十分困難，也許喪失了這種判斷力。

　　This sudden psychological transition from competent adult to ineffective child inevitably results in the serious impact of the individual’s feelings of selfworth. He experiences feelings of frustration and helplessness. In short, he experiences culture shock.

　　這種突然的心理轉(zhuǎn)變，使一個(gè)心理健全的成年人變成一個(gè)無知的小孩，必 然會(huì)對(duì)個(gè)人的自尊心產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的影響。使人感到灰心無助。說到底，這就是在經(jīng)受文化沖擊的洗禮。

　　Culture shock is the result of the removal of the familiar. Suddenly the individual is faced with the necessity of working, commuting, studying, eating, shopping, relaxing, even sleeping, in an unfamiliar environment organized according to unknown rules. In mild form, culture shock shows itself in symptoms of fatigue, irritability and impatience. Being unable to interpret the situations in which they find themselves, people often believe they are being deliberately deceived or exploited by host-country nationals.

　　人們離開了所熟悉的一切，就會(huì)經(jīng)歷文化沖擊。一個(gè)人突然置身于一個(gè)陌生的環(huán)境，所面對(duì)的工作、學(xué)習(xí)、旅行、飲食、購物、休閑以及睡眠等活動(dòng)都會(huì)變得無所適從。輕微的文化沖擊表現(xiàn)為疲倦，易怒和急躁。由于不能理解所面臨的情形，人們經(jīng)常認(rèn)為所在國的當(dāng)?shù)厝嗽谟幸馄垓_或利用他們。

　　They tend to perceive rudeness where none is intended. Their efficiency and flexibility is often impaired and both work and family suffer. Some people may respond by developing negative stereotypes of the host culture, by refusing to learn the language and by mixing exclusively with people of their own cultural background. In extreme cases, rejection may be so complete that the individual returns immediately to their own culture, regardless of the cost in social, economic or personal terms. Alternatively, people may retreat into their own private world, either mentally or physically.

　　他們總覺得沒得到應(yīng)有的禮遇。其實(shí)，沒有人故意這樣做。一旦效率和適應(yīng)性遭到削弱，他們的工作和生活都會(huì)受到較大的影響。因而有些人可能還會(huì)對(duì)所在國的文化產(chǎn)生偏見，拒絕學(xué)習(xí)其語言。他們的交往也僅僅限于那些來自本族文化的同胞。但對(duì)于那些經(jīng)歷極端文化沖擊的人來講，他們會(huì)完全拒絕新文化。不顧社會(huì)，經(jīng)濟(jì)或個(gè)人方面所付出的代價(jià)，固守自己的原有文化。甚至他們還可能從精神上或身體上與世隔絕，退縮到自己的個(gè)人世界里。

　　Physical symptoms of culture shock may include headaches, stomachaches, constant fatigue, difficulty in sleeping and a general feeling of uneasiness. Unfortunately, many doctors are unfamiliar with culture shock and attempt to treat the symptoms rather than the cause.

　　文化沖擊的影響在身體方面的癥狀表現(xiàn)為頭痛，胃痛，持續(xù)疲倦，失眠以及身體不適。遺憾的是，許多醫(yī)生對(duì)文化沖擊知之甚少，只能對(duì)病癥治療而不究其病因。

　　The important thing to recognize about culture shock is that it is universal. It is experienced to a greater or lesser degree by all those who move from one culture to another. Experiencing culture shock does not mean that an individual is inflexible or unadaptable. It does mean that recognition of its inevitability can lead to the development of steps to reduce its impact.

　　文化沖擊現(xiàn)象相當(dāng)普遍，只有認(rèn)識(shí)了這一點(diǎn)，才能真正理解文化沖擊。幾乎所有從一種文化遷移到另一種文化的人都或多或少地經(jīng)歷過文化沖擊。人們經(jīng)歷文化沖擊并不意味著他們頑固不化或適應(yīng)能力差。然而，只有明白了文化沖擊是不可避免的，人們才能設(shè)法減少其負(fù)面影響。

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