Cancer

　　癌癥

　　Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and spread of cells. It can affect almost any part of the body. The growths often invade surrounding tissue and can metastasize to distant sites.

　　癌癥是細(xì)胞不受控制的增長(zhǎng)和擴(kuò)散。它可影響幾乎人體的任何部分。腫瘤常常侵入周圍的組織并可轉(zhuǎn)移到其它部位。單詞：

　　1. metastasize /mə'tæstəsaɪz/ 動(dòng)詞：轉(zhuǎn)移、遷徙;

　　例句：A major reason why many cancers are so dangerous is that they metastasize.癌癥的危險(xiǎn)因素主要在于癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移。

　　Many cancers can be prevented by avoiding exposure to common risk factors, such as tobacco smoke. In addition, a significant proportion of cancers can be cured, by surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy, especially if they are detected early.

　　通過(guò)避免接觸常見(jiàn)的高危因素(例如煙草煙霧)，可預(yù)防多種癌癥。此外，通過(guò)手術(shù)、放療或化療，很大一部分癌癥可以治愈，尤其如果在早期發(fā)現(xiàn)。

　　單詞：1. radiotherapy/ˌreɪdiəʊˈθerəpi/ 名詞：放射療法;例句：He expects to undergo radiotherapy as well, and has cancelled all travel plans for three months.

　　他希望自己也能承受放療，并已經(jīng)取消三個(gè)月的所有旅行計(jì)劃。

　　2. chemotherapy /ˌkiːməʊˈθerəpi/ 名詞：化學(xué)療法;

　　例句：It was the origin of modern chemotherapy.

　　這就是現(xiàn)在化學(xué)療法的起源。

　　What causes cancer?

　　癌癥由何引起?

　　Cancer arises from the transformation of normal cells into tumour cells in a multistage process that generally progresses from a pre-cancerous lesion to a malignant tumour. These changes are the result of the interaction between a person's genetic factors and 3 categories of external agents, including:

　　癌癥源于正常細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槟[瘤細(xì)胞的多階段過(guò)程，通常從癌前病變發(fā)展到惡性腫瘤。這些變化是人們的基因因素和三種外部因素之間相互作用的結(jié)果，外部因素包括：

　　physical carcinogens, such as ultraviolet and ionizing radiation;

　　物理致癌物，例如紫外線和電離輻射;

　　chemical carcinogens, such as asbestos, components of tobacco smoke, aflatoxin (a food contaminant), and arsenic (a drinking water contaminant); and biological carcinogens, such as infections from certain viruses, bacteria, or parasites.

　　化學(xué)致癌物，例如石棉、煙草煙霧成分、黃曲霉毒素(一種食品污染物)和砷(一種飲水污染物);以及生物致癌物，例如由某些病毒、細(xì)菌或寄生蟲(chóng)引起的感染。

　　單詞：1. multistage /'mʌltɪsteɪdʒ/ 形容詞：多級(jí)的、多階段的;例句：The model and methods of coordination of multistage power market .

　　多級(jí)電力市場(chǎng)之間協(xié)調(diào)的模型與方法。

　　2. pre-cancerous /ˈpri:ˈkænsərəs/ 形容詞：癌變前的;

　　例句：This part of the stomach is especially vulnerable to pre-cancerous alterations and tumor growth, say the writers.

　　報(bào)道者稱，胃的這一部分特別易受損傷而導(dǎo)致癌前病變和癌癥的發(fā)生。

　　3. malignant /məˈlɪɡnənt/ 形容詞：惡性的;反義詞是benign良性的。拓展tumor腫瘤。

　　例句：Malignant hypertension is the most lethal form of hypertension. 惡性高血壓是最容易導(dǎo)致死亡的一種高血壓。

　　4. carcinogen /kɑ:ˈsɪnədʒən/ 名詞：致癌物質(zhì)

　　例句：Pitch Fume is a kind of carcinogen, which can cause severe harm to the health of human beings. 瀝青煙是一種較強(qiáng)的致癌物質(zhì)，對(duì)人的健康會(huì)造成極大的傷害。

　　5. arsenic /ˈɑ:snɪk/名詞：砷;

　　例句：He says not >他認(rèn)為不僅砷屬于在磷下面，我預(yù)言還有一個(gè)元素,是在鋁之上和銦的下邊的。

　　WHO, through its cancer research agency, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), maintains a classification of cancer-causing agents.

　　世衛(wèi)組織通過(guò)其國(guó)際癌癥研究機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)致癌因素進(jìn)行分類。

　　Ageing is another fundamental factor for the development of cancer. The incidence of cancer rises dramatically with age, most likely due to a build-up of risks for specific cancers that increase with age. The overall risk accumulation is combined with the tendency for cellular repair mechanisms to be less effective as a person grows older.

　　老齡化是癌癥形成的另一個(gè)基本因素。癌癥發(fā)病率隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而顯著升高，極可能是由于生命歷程中特定癌癥危險(xiǎn)因素的積累，加上隨著人們逐漸變老，細(xì)胞修復(fù)機(jī)制的有效性呈下降趨勢(shì)。

　　單詞：1. incidence /ˈɪnsɪdəns/ 名詞：發(fā)病率;

　　例句：There is little seasonal variation in the incidence of the disease. 在該病的發(fā)病率方面存在著極小的季節(jié)性差別。

　　2. accumulation /əˌkjuːmjəˈleɪʃn/ 名詞：積聚、累積;

　　例句：But fundamentally, intelligence is an accumulation of skills — not an innate thing.

　　但根本上，智力是一種技能的積累——而不是與生俱來(lái)的東西。

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