Plague
鼠疫
Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, a zoonotic bacteria, usually found in small mammals and their fleas. It is transmitted between animals through fleas. Humans can be infected through:
鼠疫是一種傳染病，由鼠疫耶爾森菌引起，這是一種動物源性細菌，通常可在小哺乳動物及其跳蚤上發(fā)現(xiàn)。它通過跳蚤在動物之間傳播。人類感染的途徑是：
the bite of infected vector fleas
染病跳蚤叮咬;
unprotected contact with infectious bodily fluids or contaminated materials
在未加保護的情況下接觸傳染性體液或受感染物質(zhì);
the inhalation of respiratory droplets/small particles from a patient with pneumonic plague.
吸入肺鼠疫患者的呼吸道飛沫/微粒。體征和癥狀
Signs and symptoms
感染鼠疫的人通常在1-7天潛伏期后，出現(xiàn)急性發(fā)燒以及其他非特異性全身癥狀，例如突然發(fā)燒、寒戰(zhàn)、頭痛和身體疼痛、虛弱、嘔吐和惡心。
People infected with plague usually develop acute febrile disease with other non-specific systemic symptoms after an incubation period of one to seven days, such as sudden onset of fever, chills, head and body aches, and weakness, vomiting and nausea.
鼠疫感染可按感染途徑分為3種：腺鼠疫、敗血性鼠疫和肺鼠疫。
There are two main forms of plague infection, depending on the route of infection: bubonic and pneumonic.Diagnosing plague
鼠疫的診斷
Confirmation of plague requires lab testing.
The best practice is to identify Y. pestis from a sample of pus from a bubo, blood or sputum. A specific Y. pestis antigen can be detected by different techniques. One of them is a laboratory validated rapid dipstick test now widely used in Africa and South America, with the support of WHO.
確診鼠疫需要實驗室檢測。最好的辦法是確認淋巴結炎的膿液、血液或痰液樣本中是否含有鼠疫耶爾森菌。一種特定的鼠疫耶爾森菌抗原可通過不同技術進行檢測。其中一項辦法是實驗室驗證快速試紙檢測，目前世衛(wèi)組織正支持在非洲和南美洲廣泛應用這一方法。
Treatment治療Untreated pneumonic plague can be rapidly fatal, so early diagnosis and treatment is essential for survival and reduction of complications. Antibiotics and supportive therapy are effective against plague if patients are diagnosed in time. Pneumonic plague can be fatal within 18 to 24 hours of disease onset if left untreated, but common antibiotics for enterobacteria (gram negative rods) can effectively cure the disease if they are delivered early.
不加治療的鼠疫可能迅速致死，因此及早診斷和治療對于存活和減少并發(fā)癥至關重要。如果患者得到及時診斷，可使用抗生素和支持性療法有效對抗鼠疫。若不及時治療，肺鼠疫可能在發(fā)病18至24小時內(nèi)致命，但如果及早使用常見抗生素對付腸道細菌(革蘭氏陰性桿菌)，即可有效治愈該病。
Prevention
預防
Preventive measures include informing people when zoonotic plague is present in their environment and advising them to take precautions against flea bites and not to handle animal carcasses. Generally people should be advised to avoid direct contact with infected body fluids and tissues. When handling potentially infected patients and collecting specimens, standard precautions should apply.
預防性措施包括：當所處環(huán)境中有動物源性鼠疫活躍時，向人們發(fā)出通知，并建議采取預防措施，防止跳蚤叮咬，而且不要處理動物尸體。人們通常還應避免直接接觸受感染的體液和組織。在處理可能受感染的患者和采集樣本時，應采取常規(guī)預防措施。
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