2019年翻譯資格考試英語筆譯初級模擬題：技術(shù)

　　英譯漢

　　Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional pre-scientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values." Who will use a technology and to what ends?Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

　　參考譯文

　　我們遇到的幾乎所有重要問題都涉及到人的行為，而且僅靠物理技術(shù)和生物技術(shù)是無法解決這些問題的。我們所需要的是一種行為技術(shù)，但是可能產(chǎn)生這種技術(shù)的科學(xué)一直發(fā)展緩慢。難題之一在于所謂的行為科學(xué)幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。物理學(xué)和生物學(xué)一度模仿類似的做法并且只有當(dāng)它們拋棄這些做法后才得到發(fā)展。行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢，部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。環(huán)境因素顯然是重要的，但是它的作用仍然是模糊不清的。它既不推動也不阻礙行為科學(xué)的發(fā)展，它具有選擇作用，因而這種作用是很難發(fā)現(xiàn)和分析的。自然選擇在進(jìn)化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明，而環(huán)境在塑造和保持個(gè)體行為時(shí)的選擇作用則剛剛開始被認(rèn)識和研究。然而，由于人(生物)和環(huán)境之間的相互作用已經(jīng)逐漸被人們所認(rèn)識，所以現(xiàn)在正開始從已知的環(huán)境去尋找一度認(rèn)為是心態(tài)、情感和性格特征所造成的影響其根源所在。因此就可以建立一門行為技術(shù)。但是，如果行為技術(shù)代替不了傳統(tǒng)的科學(xué)發(fā)展以前的觀點(diǎn)，那它將無法解決我們的難題。而這些傳統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)是根深蒂固的。自由和尊嚴(yán)是難處之所在。自由和尊嚴(yán)(它們)是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主人所擁有的，是要求一個(gè)人對自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。科學(xué)的分析把責(zé)任和成績歸因于環(huán)境。它還提出有關(guān)“價(jià)值觀念”的種種問題。誰會使用一門技術(shù)?其目的何在?在這些得到解決以前，研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問題的惟一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。

　　詞義推敲：

　　One difficulty is that …：表語從句——由系動詞修飾和限定。難題之一在于、一個(gè)困難是。

　　almost all of / what is called / behavioral science：多重定語結(jié)構(gòu)。幾乎所有的所謂的行為科學(xué)

　　what is called 所謂的

　　behavioral science行為科學(xué)

　　continue to依然/繼續(xù)/延續(xù)

　　trace … to 追蹤溯源

　　states of mind 心態(tài)，意識狀態(tài)

　　feelings 感情

　　traits of character 性格特點(diǎn)

　　human nature 人性

　　have been slow to change (一直)發(fā)展緩慢。

　　have been：完成時(shí)——一直，一向。

　　slow：緩慢的

　　change 改變，發(fā)展。

　　the explanatory items： 用以解釋的依據(jù)、要素(內(nèi)容，項(xiàng)目)

　　item 內(nèi)容，項(xiàng)目——依據(jù)、要素

　　seem to be directly observed：被動結(jié)構(gòu)，最好不要用“被”字。似乎往往是(直接觀察到的/從直接觀察中得到的/來自于直接的觀察/是直接觀察的結(jié)果。

　　seem to be 似乎往往是

　　directly observed 直接觀察到的 / 從直接觀察中得到的 / 來自于直接的觀察 / 是直接觀察的結(jié)果

　　other kinds of explanations 其他的解釋方式 / 類型的解釋 / 種類的解釋

　　the role of natural selection in evolution：多重定語結(jié)構(gòu)——后浪推前浪。我們可以范圍為：進(jìn)化過程中自然選擇的作用。

　　in evolution：在演化中。

　　role：a function or position 功能，職位。

　　natural selection：自然選擇。

　　was formulated：得以(闡明/表述/解釋/論證/揭示)。被動結(jié)構(gòu)——最好不要用“被”字。

　　formulated 闡述;表述;解釋;論證

　　only a little more than a hundred years ago：僅/只在一百多年前。

　　the selective role of / the environment / in shaping and maintaining / the behavior / of the individual：(保持/維護(hù))個(gè)體行為時(shí)的選擇作用/角色。

　　in shaping and maintaining 在形成和保持……的過程中。

　　to be recognized and studied被動結(jié)構(gòu)——最好不要用“被”字。(被 / 得到)(認(rèn)識 / 承認(rèn) / 意識到 / 認(rèn)可)和研究。

　　recognize：to perceive or show acceptance of the validity or reality of 承認(rèn)，認(rèn)可認(rèn)識到或表現(xiàn)出接受…的合理性或真實(shí)性

　　They：指代“freedom and dignity”，譯作“自由與尊嚴(yán)”

　　the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory：多重后置定語——后浪推前浪。我們可以翻譯為：傳統(tǒng)理論定義的(自主行為的/自我控制的/自我約束的/自主人/自治者/自我管理者)所擁有的(不譯/所有物/所具備的東西/財(cái)產(chǎn)/財(cái)富)。

　　autonomous (self-governing)：自主行為的;自我管理的;自我約束的。

　　possession：wealth or property 財(cái)富，財(cái)產(chǎn)。

　　be essential to 必不可少的，非常重要的

　　practices 實(shí)踐活動

　　in which = in these practices，譯作“在這些實(shí)踐活動中”。

　　is held responsible for 對……負(fù)責(zé)

　　conduct：the way a person acts, especially from the standpoint of morality and ethics 操行，行為一個(gè)人行為的方式，尤指從道德和倫理的角度來看。

　　and given credit for 認(rèn)可;贊譽(yù);給予肯定

　　credit：approval for an act, ability, or quality; praise 贊同，贊揚(yáng)對某一行為、能力或質(zhì)量的贊同;贊揚(yáng)

　　until 除非，如果不

　　issue are resolved 被動結(jié)構(gòu)——問題得以解決

　　a technology of behavior：研究行為(科學(xué))的技術(shù)手段

　　to be rejected被動結(jié)構(gòu)——受到排斥 / 被拋棄 / 被拒絕 / 被否定 / 被反對

　　and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems(will continue to be rejected)省略結(jié)構(gòu)

　　with it 隨之;伴隨著它。

　　possibly the only way to solve our problems 解決問題的惟一方式 / 唯一可能解決問題的方式