2019年CATTI三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)練習(xí)題：工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)

　　英譯漢

　　Industrial Design

　　The industrial design is the art and science involved in the creation of machine-made products by large-scale industry for mass distribution'. It is concerned with aesthetic appearance, especially in consumer goods, as well as with functional efficiency.

　　The term industrial design was originated in 1919 by the American industrial designer Joseph Sinel (1887-1975). Initially, industrial designers dealt exclusively with machine-made consumer products. Eventually, however, the scope of the profession2 enlarged to include the design of capital goods, such as farm machinery, industrial tools and transportation equipment, and the planning of exhibitions, commercial buildings and packaging3.

　　Under prevailing standards of design, a product should have beauty of line, color, proportion, and texture; high efficiency and safety of operation; convenience or comfort in use; ease of maintenance and repair; durability; and expression of function in terms of form. The relative importance4 ofany of these standards may vary depending on the object. Thus, line and proportion may be more desirable in a sofa than in a tractor, where durability and easy maintenance may be paramount5. A consideration basic to all good design is the factor of realistic cost. Thus, effective industrial design requires, besides artistic ability, combined knowledge of engineering principles and materials, production techniques and cost, and marketing conditions.

　　The industrial designer must be concerned not only with product design but with the conditions under which products are sold. In planning retail stores and display areas, for example, the industrial designer works with the architect to increase the revenue-producing interior space and to create arrangements and atmosphere conducive to sales. Industrial designers also work to facilitate the profitable operation6 ofrailroad stations, airports, hotels, shopping centers, exhibitions, restaurants, public auditoriums, television stations, and offices.

　　Every design problem requires special procedures, timing, and techniques, but there is a general routine applicable to all7. After the industrial designer is informed of the needs of the client - including data on the intended market for the product, budget allocation, and company policy and equipment - specialists associated with the designer conduct a study of competitive products and an extensive field survey of the manufacturer's plant. A design program is planned, and preliminary designs of the proposed product are then sketched on the basis of the available plant facilities. Rough sketches are chosen for further refinement and study, and the client is then presented with design studies8, often in the form of a small model or of a mock-up. Following the selection of the approved design, working drawings indicating the choice of materials and the specifications for finishing and assembly are prepared. A handmade working model is then manufactured and submitted to the client for approval. In the case of an automobile, for example, one or several are handmade and tested at proving grounds before final machine dies are ordered and production begins. 9

　　The industrial designer is essentially the creator of a pattern to guide the operations of skilled persons or machines. The development of industrial design leads to the creation of new procedures in order that the modifications in the design may be molded directly from the old products. Another industrial-design method is based on the fact that small models do not reflect accurately the design characteristics of the full-scale product. Distortion often occurs in magnification as a result of highlights and shadows that change basic spatial relationships. 10 To view the design in full scale, the profession employs a photographic system in which a small drawing is projected to full scale on a section of a wall. Revisions of the design are then made directly on the wall projection by the industrial designers.

　　A common concern of the profession is how to adapt new technology, with its benefits and hazards, to human needs. In a fast-growing world economy11 industrial design is also challenged to find ways of influencing purchasing based on considerations other than necessity of replacement of a product due to normal wear and tear. One trend, which is inherent in the field of fashion where frequency of buying is determined by frequency of change in taste, is known as artificially accelerated obsolescence. This trend became more prevalent, despite strong criticism, and has been seen in other lines of products such as automobiles and large home appliances. Nevertheless, it is found justifiable for disposable products in the health and hygiene industry.

　　詞匯

　　1.consumer goods日用品，生活消費(fèi)品

　　2.capital goods資本貨物，生產(chǎn)資料

　　3.paramount最主要的，最重要的

　　4.retail store零售商店

　　5.revenue-producing能產(chǎn)生收益的

　　6.conducive to有益于

　　7.allocation分配

　　8.preliminary預(yù)備的，初步的

　　9.rough sketch草圖

　　10.mock-up實(shí)體模型

　　11.working drawing施工圖

　　12.finishing and assembly加工和裝配

　　13.working model工作模型

　　14.proving ground試車(chē)場(chǎng)

　　15.die沖模，鑄模

　　16.full-scale實(shí)比的，原尺寸的

　　17.other than除了……之外，不同于

　　18.wear and tear損耗

　　19.obsolescence過(guò)時(shí)

　　20.disposable -次性的

　　注釋

　　1.此句在理解上并不困難，但是，表語(yǔ)中的四個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)隱含著邏輯上的動(dòng)賓或主謂關(guān)系，在譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，要表達(dá)這些關(guān)系，需要使用一些動(dòng)詞。要將意思表述得清晰、完整、有條理，必須弄清楚各部分之間的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系。本句可試譯為：工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是指大型企業(yè)在創(chuàng)造用于大規(guī)模銷(xiāo)售的機(jī)器制造產(chǎn)品的過(guò)程中所涉及的藝術(shù)和科學(xué)。

　　2.profession:即指工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)這一行業(yè)，下文中亦有出現(xiàn)，翻譯時(shí)，可根據(jù)需要，譯成“工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)”或“工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師”(指代法)。

　　3.the design of capital goods, such as farm machinery, industrial tools and transportation equipment，and the planning of exhibitions，commercial buildings and packaging:這里有兩個(gè)并列的短語(yǔ)，一個(gè)是the design of+介詞賓語(yǔ)，另一個(gè)是the planning of+介詞賓語(yǔ)。

　　在第一個(gè)短語(yǔ)中，such as后面的farm machinery，industrial tools and transportation equipment部是capital goods的具體實(shí)例，而在第二個(gè)短語(yǔ)中，exhibitions，commercial buildings and packaging則是并列關(guān)系。翻譯時(shí)，應(yīng)該體現(xiàn)出這些關(guān)系。

　　4.relative importance：本義是相對(duì)重要性，可譯為“孰輕孰重”。

　　5.此句如果直譯，會(huì)非常拗口，建議采取意譯法，使譯文更加清晰明了，可以譯成：因此，設(shè)計(jì)沙發(fā)時(shí)可能更追求線條和比例，而設(shè)計(jì)拖拉機(jī)時(shí)，或許耐用性和保養(yǎng)方便才是最重要的。

　　6.facilitate the profitable operation:可采用增詞法，譯作“推動(dòng)……實(shí)現(xiàn)盈利運(yùn)作”。

　　7.applicable to all:可意譯為“放之四海皆準(zhǔn)”。

　　8.這里的study指的是“初稿”，相當(dāng)于preliminary sketch。

　　9.這一段介紹了工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的常規(guī)步驟，在任何描述事物過(guò)程的說(shuō)明文中，時(shí)序都非常重要，雖然在原文中沒(méi)有很清晰的時(shí)序標(biāo)示，但是在翻譯時(shí)，仍可以運(yùn)用“首先”、“接著”、“然后”等詞語(yǔ)，使譯文的表達(dá)更有條理。

　　10.這一句實(shí)際上是對(duì)前一句中the fact that small models do not reflect accurately the design characteristics of the full-scale product的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明，以解釋新的設(shè)計(jì)方法產(chǎn)生的原因。

　　因此，在翻譯時(shí)可以將兩句話綜合在一起考慮，根據(jù)其內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系和漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)特點(diǎn)對(duì)譯文進(jìn)行組織，譯成：“事實(shí)上，微縮模型無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確地反映實(shí)尺產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)，因?yàn)槟Ｐ鸵唤?jīng)放大，高光部分和陰影部分就會(huì)改變基本空間關(guān)系，從而導(dǎo)致變形�；�于這種情況，另一種工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)方法應(yīng)運(yùn)而生�！�

　　11.此處可采用詞性轉(zhuǎn)換和增詞法，譯成“在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)高速增長(zhǎng)的情況下”。

　　參考譯文

　　工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)

　　工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是指大型企業(yè)在創(chuàng)造用于大規(guī)模銷(xiāo)售的機(jī)器制造產(chǎn)品的過(guò)程中所涉及的藝術(shù)和科學(xué)。它既涉及審美外觀，特別是生活消費(fèi)品的外觀，也涉及功能效率。

　　工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)一詞是美國(guó)工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師約瑟夫·西奈爾(1887-1975)于1919年首次提出的。

　　最初，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師只設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)器制造的生活消費(fèi)品，但是到了后來(lái)，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的對(duì)象擴(kuò)展到其他領(lǐng)域，包括生產(chǎn)資料，如農(nóng)場(chǎng)機(jī)械、工業(yè)用具和交通設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)，以及展會(huì)、商業(yè)建筑和商品包裝的規(guī)劃。

　　根據(jù)流行的設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，一件產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該具有優(yōu)美的線條、色彩、比例和質(zhì)地，效率高，操作安全，使用方便或舒適，維修簡(jiǎn)便，耐用性好，其形式能夠體現(xiàn)其功能。這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)孰輕孰重取決于產(chǎn)品本身。因此，設(shè)計(jì)沙發(fā)時(shí)可能更追求線條和比例，而設(shè)計(jì)拖拉機(jī)時(shí)，或許耐用性和保養(yǎng)方便才是最重要的。就所有好的設(shè)計(jì)而言，一個(gè)基本的考慮就是實(shí)際成本。因此，要進(jìn)行有效的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，設(shè)計(jì)師除了要有藝術(shù)才能，還要具備工程原理和材料、生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和成本、以及營(yíng)銷(xiāo)條件方面的知識(shí)。

　　工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師不僅要考慮產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)，還必須考慮產(chǎn)品的銷(xiāo)售環(huán)境。例如，在規(guī)劃零售商店和展區(qū)時(shí)，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師與建筑師攜手合作，拓展能產(chǎn)生收益的室內(nèi)空間，創(chuàng)造有利于銷(xiāo)售的布局和氛圍。此外，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師還致力于推動(dòng)火車(chē)站、機(jī)場(chǎng)、賓館、購(gòu)物中心、展會(huì)、餐廳、公共禮堂、電視臺(tái)、辦公室實(shí)現(xiàn)盈利運(yùn)作。

　　解決每一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題都需要特殊的步驟、時(shí)間安排和技術(shù)。不過(guò)，有一套放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)的常規(guī)。首先，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師必須了解客戶(hù)的需求，其中包括產(chǎn)品的目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)、預(yù)算分配、公司政策和設(shè)備等相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)。按著，與設(shè)計(jì)師合作的專(zhuān)家們要對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行研究，并且對(duì)生產(chǎn)商的工廠展開(kāi)廣泛的實(shí)地調(diào)查。然后，設(shè)計(jì)師根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的工廠設(shè)備制定設(shè)計(jì)方案，并繪制出產(chǎn)品的初步設(shè)計(jì)草圖。接下來(lái)，要對(duì)草圖進(jìn)行篩選，作進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)和研究，然后向客戶(hù)提交設(shè)計(jì)初稿，初稿通常采取微縮模型或?qū)嶓w模型的形式。當(dāng)客戶(hù)選出滿(mǎn)意的設(shè)計(jì)后，就繪制施工圖，圖紙上要標(biāo)注產(chǎn)品所使用的材料以及加工和裝配的技術(shù)說(shuō)明。接著，是用手工制作出工作模型供客戶(hù)確認(rèn)。例如，在汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)中，要用手工制作一臺(tái)或數(shù)臺(tái)汽車(chē)工作模型，并在試車(chē)場(chǎng)上進(jìn)行測(cè)試，之后才會(huì)定制最終的機(jī)器沖模，投入生產(chǎn)。

　　就本質(zhì)而言，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師的工作是創(chuàng)造出一種模式，用來(lái)指導(dǎo)技術(shù)人員的工作或機(jī)器設(shè)備的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展催生了各種新的工序，以便能夠直接對(duì)老產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)改良。事實(shí)上，微縮模型無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確地反映實(shí)比產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)，因?yàn)槟Ｐ鸵唤?jīng)放大，高光部分和陰影部分就會(huì)改變基本空間關(guān)系，從而導(dǎo)致變形。基于這種情況，另一種工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)方法應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。設(shè)計(jì)師采用某種攝影系統(tǒng)將小圖投射到墻面上，形成實(shí)際影像，以便查看實(shí)比設(shè)計(jì)圖樣，并且直接在投影上對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行修改。

　　工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)行業(yè)共同關(guān)注的一個(gè)問(wèn)題是如何應(yīng)對(duì)新技術(shù)的種種利弊.將之服務(wù)于人類(lèi)的需求。在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)高速增長(zhǎng)的情況下，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)又面臨新的挑戰(zhàn)，即要在由正常損耗引起的產(chǎn)品更替需求之外，讓消費(fèi)者出于別的需求購(gòu)買(mǎi)產(chǎn)品。時(shí)尚領(lǐng)域的購(gòu)物頻率取決于審美趣味的變化頻率，因此時(shí)尚界的固有趨勢(shì)就是大家所說(shuō)的“人為加速的過(guò)時(shí)”。這種趨勢(shì)雖然備受批評(píng)，但卻愈演愈烈，已經(jīng)蔓延到了汽車(chē)和大型家電等其他產(chǎn)品領(lǐng)域。然而，對(duì)于衛(wèi)生保健產(chǎn)業(yè)中的一次性產(chǎn)品來(lái)說(shuō)，這種做法卻是無(wú)可非議的。

　　熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注：2018年CATTI三級(jí)筆譯模擬題306篇