2019年CATTI三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)練習(xí)題：經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條

　　英譯漢

　　Effect of the Great Depression1

　　It is difficult to measure the human cost2 ofthe Great Depression. The material hardships were bad enough. Men and women lived in lean-tos made of scrap wood and metal, and families went without meat and fresh vegetables for months, existing on a diet of soup and beans. 3 The psychological burden was even greater4: Americans suffered through year after year of grinding poverty with no letup in sight5. The unemployed stood in line for hours waiting for relief checks, veterans sold apples or pencils on street corners, their manhood - once prized so highly by the nation - now in question6. People left the city for the countryside but found no salvation on the farm. Crops rotted in the fields because prices were too low to make harvesting worthwhile7; sheriffs fended off angry crowds as banks foreclosed long overdue mortgages on once prosperous farms8.

　　Few escaped the suffering. African Americans who had left the poverty of the rural South for factory jobs in the North were among the first to be laid off. Mexican Americans, who had flowed in to replace European immigrants, met with competition from angry citizens, now willing to do stoop labor in the fields and work as track layers on the railroads9. Immigration officials used technicalities10 to halt the flow across the Rio Grande11 and even to reverse it; nearly a half million Mexicans were deported in the 1930s, including families with children born in the United States.

　　The poor — black, brown, and white - survived because they knew better than most Americans how to exist in poverty. They stayed in bed in cold weather, both to keep warm and to avoid unnecessary burning up of calories12; they patched their shoes with pieces of rubber from discarded tires13 , heated only the kitchens of their homes, and ate scraps of food that others would reject.

　　The middle class, which had always lived with high expectations, was hit hard. Professionals and white-collar workers refused to ask for charity even while their families went without food; one New York dentist and his wife turned on the gas and left a note saying, "We want to get out of the way before we are forced to accept relief money." 14 People who fell behind in their mortgage payments lost their homes and then faced eviction when they could not pay the rent.

　　Health care declined. 15 Middle-class people stopped going to doctors and dentists regularly, unable to make the required cash payment in advance for services rendered. 16 Even the well-to-do were affected, giving up many of their former luxuries and weighed down with guilt as they watched former friends and business associates join the ranks of the impoverished.17 "My father lost everything in the Depression" became an all-too-familiar refrained among young people who dropped out of college.

　　Many Americans sought escape19 in movement. Men, boys, and some women, rode the rails in search of jobs, hopping freights to move south in the winter or west in the summer. On the Missouri Pacific alone, the number of vagrants increased from just over 13,000 in 1929 to nearly 200,000 in 1931. One town in the Southwest hired special policemen to keep vagrants from leaving the boxcars. Those who became tramps had to keep on the move, but they did find a sense of community in the hobo jungles20 that sprang up along the major railroad routes. Here a man could find a place to eat and sleep, and people with whom to share his misery. Louis Banks, a black veteran, told interviewer Studs Terkel what these informal camps were like:

　　Black and white, it didn't make any difference who you were.Because everybody was poor. All friendly, sleep in a jungle. We used to take a big pot and cook food, cabbage, meat and beans all together. We all set together, we made a tent. Twenty five or thirty would be out on the side of the rail, white and colored: They didn't have no mothers or sisters, they didn't have no home, they were dirty, they had overalls on, they didn't have no food, they didn't have anything. 21

　　詞匯

　　1.lean-to單坡屋頂，披屋，披棚

　　2.grinding poverty難于忍受的貧困，極度貧困

　　3.letup(口語(yǔ))停止，放松，減弱

　　4.Foreclose預(yù)先處理，預(yù)先了結(jié);取消贖取抵押品之權(quán)利

　　5.overdue過(guò)期未付

　　6.stoop labor(收割蔬菜或采摘矮果實(shí)等時(shí)的)彎腰勞動(dòng);彎腰作業(yè)

　　7.the Rio Grande格蘭德河

　　8.deport驅(qū)逐出境

　　9.fall behind落在……后面，拖欠……

　　10.weigh (sb.)down (with...)(因……而)悶悶不樂(lè)，使人心情沉重、沮喪、煩惱等

　　11.refrain老調(diào)，一再重復(fù)的話

　　12.boxcar(鐵路上用的)貨車車廂，棚車

　　13.hobo流浪漢，游民，流動(dòng)工人

　　14.hobo jungle(流浪漢、游民的)露營(yíng)地，(大蕭條時(shí)期的)失業(yè)工人集結(jié)地

　　注釋

　　1.Great Depression:大蕭條，指1929年到1939年發(fā)生在美國(guó)和其他國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退，影響深遠(yuǎn)，損失慘重，據(jù)估計(jì)，大蕭條時(shí)間，世界的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失達(dá)2500億美元。

　　2.本句中human cost不是“人力成本”，而是“對(duì)人們?cè)斐傻挠绊憽保�翻譯時(shí)切不可不顧語(yǔ)境，生搬硬套字典解釋。

　　3.本句列舉了大蕭條時(shí)期人們的吃住情況，具體說(shuō)明物質(zhì)上苦難的深重，漢譯時(shí)可選用一些具體的動(dòng)詞來(lái)翻譯原文中相對(duì)抽象的make、go without和exist. on等詞，同時(shí)men and women和families譯做疊詞，增強(qiáng)感染力。故整句譯為：男男女女都住在破木板廢鐵皮搭起的披棚里，家家戶戶數(shù)月吃不上肉和新鮮蔬菜，只能用清湯和豆子填肚子。另外英語(yǔ)中區(qū)分謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，不必突出這種句法關(guān)系，直接譯成動(dòng)詞，按漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序排列即可。

　　4.這里The psychological burden was even greater呼應(yīng)前文The material hardships were bad enough，結(jié)構(gòu)相似，通過(guò)形容詞原型與比較級(jí)的對(duì)比形成遞進(jìn)，從而突出心理負(fù)擔(dān)的沉重。翻譯時(shí)，我們固可以按原文語(yǔ)序譯做“(大蕭條給人們帶來(lái)的)心理負(fù)擔(dān)更為沉重”，但若顛倒語(yǔ)序，以“更為沉重”起句，更能起到強(qiáng)調(diào)作用;從漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇銜接講，這樣譯既順接前句的“深重”，又使“心理負(fù)擔(dān)”和后文的具體事例連貫，很好地起到了承上啟下作用，故譯為：更為沉重的是心理上的負(fù)擔(dān)。

　　5.本句中with no letup in sight指看不到絲毫停止、減弱或好轉(zhuǎn)的跡象，漢譯時(shí)，我們不必拘泥原文，字對(duì)字翻譯，不妨譯為“前景渺茫”更為順暢貼切。

　　6.這里的manhood并不是指“男性的成年期”或“男子總稱”，而是指“男子所具有的大丈夫氣概，勇敢、剛毅、果斷等”，因此我們翻譯為“雄姿英發(fā)，氣概非凡”。此后破折號(hào)間的話語(yǔ)是插入語(yǔ)，補(bǔ)充了過(guò)去的情形，破折號(hào)后的內(nèi)容說(shuō)明大蕭條時(shí)的情況。原文中nation和question押韻，后句now in question短促有力，形成高潮，并與前文相對(duì)，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)仔細(xì)體會(huì)其間的句法和修辭效果，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)原文作者的意圖。我們不妨將once prized so highly by the nation譯為“全國(guó)上下，無(wú)不贊嘆”，鏗鏘有力，順應(yīng)前面的四字結(jié)構(gòu)。now in question則可用調(diào)侃的語(yǔ)氣翻譯成“現(xiàn)在，這種氣概不知到哪里去了”與前文形成鮮明對(duì)比。

　　7.本句意思是，由于農(nóng)作物賣不出好價(jià)錢(qián)，農(nóng)民們干脆不采摘，讓其爛在地里。翻譯時(shí)要注意英漢語(yǔ)序差別，漢語(yǔ)以意合為主，連詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞使用不多，一般按時(shí)間先后和先因后果的順序串聯(lián)意群，故本句需調(diào)整語(yǔ)序，翻譯為：農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格過(guò)低，采摘得不償失，農(nóng)作物仝都白白爛在地里。

　　8.翻譯本句時(shí)需要理清原文意思，調(diào)整語(yǔ)序，可譯為：許多曾經(jīng)繁榮富足的農(nóng)場(chǎng)，因長(zhǎng)期拖欠抵押貸款，而被銀行沒(méi)收，憤怒的農(nóng)民欲奪回財(cái)產(chǎn)，但卻遭到了警方的阻攔。注意原文并沒(méi)有直接說(shuō)農(nóng)場(chǎng)“被銀行沒(méi)收”，而意為被取消了回贖權(quán)，但我們翻譯時(shí)將這層推斷出的意思譯明。另外，原文中的sheriffs fended off angry crowds翻譯時(shí)需要補(bǔ)充邏輯上的缺層，說(shuō)明來(lái)龍去脈，不可簡(jiǎn)單地翻譯成“憤怒的農(nóng)民遭到警方的阻攔”。

　　9.本句中stoop labor指收割蔬菜或采摘矮果實(shí)等時(shí)的彎腰勞動(dòng)，這里可引申譯為“干卑微的農(nóng)活”。后句中work as track layers on the railroads不必字對(duì)字翻譯成“在鐵路上當(dāng)鋪軌工”，而可以參照前句結(jié)構(gòu)，譯為“鋪設(shè)鐵軌”。

　　10.翻譯本句時(shí)需注意technicalities為復(fù)數(shù)，應(yīng)譯為“各種手段”，體現(xiàn)復(fù)數(shù)的語(yǔ)法意義。

　　11.the Rio Grande:格蘭德河，為美國(guó)第三大河流，位于北美洲南部，西班牙語(yǔ)為Rio Bravo(布拉沃河)，北出落基山脈，東南流人墨西哥灣，長(zhǎng)約3034公里，其中2000公里為美國(guó)同墨西哥的界河。

　　12.這里burning up of calories漢譯時(shí)若譯為“燃燒卡路里”過(guò)于具體，可統(tǒng)而言之譯為 “熱量消耗”。

　　13.patch作動(dòng)詞即可以指用碎片打補(bǔ)丁，也可以指用碎片拼制，根據(jù)上下文，我們認(rèn)為后一個(gè)意思更貼切。

　　14.這對(duì)紐約夫婦的遺言We want to get out of the way before we are forced to accept relief money，按字面意思為：在被迫接受救濟(jì)款前，我們想先解脫。如若這樣翻譯，不免有些拗口，也難以傳達(dá)這對(duì)夫婦離世前的孤傲、凄涼和無(wú)助。故此句譯為：與其被迫接受救濟(jì)，還不如離開(kāi)這個(gè)世界。

　　15.本句Health care declined，廖廖數(shù)語(yǔ)，但話題峰回路轉(zhuǎn)，一下跳到醫(yī)療問(wèn)題上。如果簡(jiǎn)單地譯為“醫(yī)療減退”，既不達(dá)意，也不連貫，故譯為：醫(yī)療條件也每況愈下。

　　16.本句同注7、8-樣，翻譯時(shí)需注意語(yǔ)序，譯為：中產(chǎn)階級(jí)沒(méi)有現(xiàn)金預(yù)付門(mén)診費(fèi)用，不再定期看病。另外，doctors and dentists不必分別譯為“醫(yī)生和牙醫(yī)”。

　　17.本文條理清晰，從窮人的遭遇講到中產(chǎn)階級(jí)，再說(shuō)到富人，每段基本以主題句開(kāi)始。翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，我們須注意段落間的呼應(yīng)，增加時(shí)代背景，如本段添加的“大蕭條中”和第三段起始處添加的“這場(chǎng)苦難中”。本句中weigh down with意為心情沉重，這里后接guilt，不妨譯為：郁郁不樂(lè)，自責(zé)無(wú)力相助。

　　18.refrain原意為詩(shī)歌或樂(lè)曲中的疊句，引申義為“老調(diào)、一再重復(fù)的話”。在這里，不妨翻譯成“口頭禪”更符合這些青年無(wú)奈的口吻。

　　19.此處seek escape具體指背井離鄉(xiāng)，到別處尋找生計(jì)，而非棄世以求解脫。翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文確定原文的具體含義。

　　20.hobo jungles在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中指流浪漢、游民的露營(yíng)地，又特指大蕭條時(shí)期的失業(yè)工人集結(jié)地。翻譯這樣的詞要勤查工具書(shū)，不可主觀臆斷，也不可一知半解，如果翻譯成“流浪漢森林”就貽笑大方了。

　　21.本段為黑人的陳述，黑人英語(yǔ)特征明顯，語(yǔ)言偏口語(yǔ)化，句子不很完整，有些不合語(yǔ)法但已約定俗成的黑人句法，故翻譯前需了解黑人英語(yǔ)特征，避免誤解。例如，黑人英語(yǔ)通常使用雙重否定表示否定，文中they didn't have no home實(shí)為they didn't have anytime。All friendly，sleep in a jungle實(shí)為All were friendly and slept in a jungle.此外They didn't have no mothers or sisters中mothers和sisters指所有家人，故不必實(shí)譯為母親和姐妹。對(duì)于本段的翻譯，雖然我們不必用某種中文的社會(huì)方言對(duì)應(yīng)翻譯，但翻譯時(shí)還應(yīng)盡量體現(xiàn)其語(yǔ)體特征。

　　參考譯文

　　大蕭條的影響大蕭條對(duì)人們?cè)斐傻挠绊憻o(wú)法估量。物質(zhì)上的苦難本已非常深重。男男女女都住在破木板廢鐵皮搭起的披棚里，家家戶戶數(shù)月吃不上肉和新鮮蔬菜，只能用清湯和豆子填肚子。更為沉重的是心理上的負(fù)擔(dān)：美國(guó)人在極度的貧困中煎熬，年復(fù)一年，前景渺茫。失業(yè)工人排隊(duì)數(shù)小時(shí)等待救濟(jì)金，退伍老兵則在街角叫賣蘋(píng)果、鉛筆。曾幾何時(shí)，他們雄姿英發(fā)，氣概非凡，全國(guó)上下，無(wú)不贊嘆;現(xiàn)在，這種氣概不知到哪里去了。人們紛紛離開(kāi)城市，投奔農(nóng)村，但是無(wú)濟(jì)于事，農(nóng)村并不救世。農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格過(guò)低，采摘得不償失，農(nóng)作物全都白白爛在地里;許多曾經(jīng)繁榮富足的農(nóng)場(chǎng)，因長(zhǎng)期拖欠抵押貸款，而被銀行沒(méi)收，憤怒的農(nóng)民欲奪回財(cái)產(chǎn)，但卻遭到了警方的阻攔。

　　這場(chǎng)劫難幾乎無(wú)人幸免。非洲裔美國(guó)人逃離了窮苦的南方農(nóng)村，在北方工廠找到了工作，。卻成為第一批被解雇的工人。墨西哥裔美國(guó)人曾大批涌入，以求取代歐洲移民，現(xiàn)在卻面臨與憤怒的本地公民競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的局面，這些美國(guó)人現(xiàn)在都愿意干卑微的農(nóng)活，或者去鋪設(shè)鐵軌。為了阻止墨西哥人跨過(guò)格蘭德河進(jìn)入美國(guó)，移民官員采取了各種手段，甚至將他們遣返回國(guó);20世紀(jì)30年代，將近五十萬(wàn)墨西哥人被驅(qū)逐出境，其中包括那些在美國(guó)生了孩子的家庭。

　　這場(chǎng)苦難中，窮人——無(wú)論黑人、棕種人還是白人——都幸存了下來(lái)，因?yàn)樗麄儽却蠖鄶?shù)美國(guó)人更懂得如何在貧困中生存。天氣寒冷時(shí)，他們呆在床上，既暖和也減少不必要的熱量消耗;他們用廢棄輪胎的橡膠碎片做鞋子，只在廚房里生火取暖，用別人不吃的菜皮殘?jiān)�果腹�?/P>

　　生活期望總是很高的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)，在大蕭條中也遭遇重創(chuàng)。專業(yè)人士和白領(lǐng)員工即使全家嗷嗷待哺，也不愿接受救濟(jì);一位紐約的牙醫(yī)和妻子開(kāi)煤氣自殺前，留下了這樣的字條，“與其被迫接受救濟(jì)，還不如離開(kāi)這個(gè)世界�！蹦切�無(wú)法按期支付按揭周供的人，先是失去了自己的房子，而后付不起房租，就給逐出門(mén)外。醫(yī)療條件也每況愈下。中產(chǎn)階級(jí)沒(méi)有現(xiàn)金預(yù)付門(mén)診費(fèi)用，不再定期看病。

　　大蕭條中，即便富人也深受影響，不得不放棄之前的許多奢華，眼巴巴地看著先前好友、生意伙伴一個(gè)個(gè)加入赤貧的行列，郁郁不樂(lè)，自責(zé)無(wú)力相助�！拔腋赣H在大蕭條中一無(wú)所有了”，成了輟學(xué)的大學(xué)生們?cè)偈煜げ贿^(guò)的口頭禪。

　　許多美國(guó)人輾轉(zhuǎn)流浪，尋找生計(jì)。男人，小孩，還有一些婦女，跳上貨車，沿鐵路四處尋找工作，冬天到南方，夏天到西部。僅密蘇里，太平洋鐵路沿線，流浪人數(shù)就從1929年的13000多增加到1931年的近20萬(wàn)。西南部的一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)曾出動(dòng)特警，阻止流浪者下車。那些淪落流浪的人還得繼續(xù)流浪。在鐵路主干線沿途蔓生的游民露營(yíng)地，他們倒找到了一份歸屬。人們可以在這里找到地方吃住，也可以和同病相憐者互訴苦痛。黑人退伍軍人Louis Banks，在接受Studs Terkel采訪時(shí)，描述了這些臨時(shí)營(yíng)地的情形：黑人、白人，全都一樣，都窮到根了。大家住在一起，倒都很友好。我們支起大鍋燒飯，把卷心菜、肉和豆子放在一起煮。我們搭起帳篷，一起生活。二十五歲到三十歲的，不論白人黑人，都出去沿鐵路找活：他們沒(méi)有親人，也無(wú)家可歸，穿著工裝褲，一身油污，沒(méi)吃沒(méi)喝，啥都沒(méi)有。

　　熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注：2018年CATTI三級(jí)筆譯模擬題306篇