2018年翻譯資格考試三級(jí)筆譯模擬題：經(jīng)濟(jì)合作

　　第一篇

　　漢譯英

　　多邊合作是解決全球金融失衡的關(guān)鍵所在

　　與20世紀(jì)90年代資本流動(dòng)激增的情況相比，當(dāng)前私人資本流動(dòng)的激增伴隨著國(guó)內(nèi)政策和全球金融狀況的大幅改善。在這一過(guò)程中，各國(guó)政府迄今都盡量避免出現(xiàn)總需求過(guò)度擴(kuò)張、經(jīng)常項(xiàng)目巨額赤字和實(shí)際匯率大幅升值的情況。但是，管理資本流動(dòng)的政策議程既廣泛，又復(fù)雜，依然存在重大挑戰(zhàn)。

　　許多國(guó)家的資本管制和匯率限制錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜，在簡(jiǎn)化這些措施方面，已經(jīng)取得了進(jìn)展。但是，在逐步開放資本項(xiàng)目的網(wǎng)時(shí)，必須進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策，發(fā)展本國(guó)資本市場(chǎng)和市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管的相應(yīng)制度，建立一個(gè)有力的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理體系，應(yīng)對(duì)匯率制度更靈活、資本項(xiàng)目更開放所帶來(lái)的需求。資本項(xiàng)目一旦開放，就難以逆轉(zhuǎn)。重返資本管制應(yīng)該被看作最后的政策舉措，只是用來(lái)抑制匯率的過(guò)度波動(dòng)，或者是在利率和干預(yù)外匯市場(chǎng)等政策證明無(wú)效時(shí)，用來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)資本的大量流入。

　　雖然近年來(lái)在政策方面進(jìn)行了較大改進(jìn)，資本流動(dòng)的激增依然給發(fā)展中國(guó)家?guī)��?lái)了重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。與過(guò)去遇到的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有所不同，經(jīng)濟(jì)和金融穩(wěn)定今后面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很可能改頭換面，也可能暴露出現(xiàn)在還無(wú)法預(yù)料的制度和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)�？赡艹霈F(xiàn)麻煩的一個(gè)警報(bào)信號(hào)是，隨著證券投資流入的激增，許多發(fā)展中國(guó)家，尤其是亞洲的股票市場(chǎng)價(jià)格和估值大幅攀升，從而增加了資本價(jià)格出現(xiàn)泡沫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。其它可能出現(xiàn)麻煩的跡象是，東歐一些國(guó)家的匯率升值，經(jīng)常項(xiàng)目赤字增加。如果幾種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，則單個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響就會(huì)放大。

　　國(guó)際社會(huì)應(yīng)該繼續(xù)努力，推動(dòng)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的各項(xiàng)政策，以實(shí)現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定，保持一個(gè)有利于發(fā)展中國(guó)家以均衡的方式擴(kuò)大和利用資本流動(dòng)的金融環(huán)境。影響穩(wěn)定的一個(gè)主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是全球支付體系的不斷失衡，市場(chǎng)隨之會(huì)擔(dān)心失衡現(xiàn)象有可能帶來(lái)通過(guò)突然改變匯率和全球利率的無(wú)序調(diào)整。這種變化可能會(huì)造成國(guó)際金融市場(chǎng)的不穩(wěn)定和混亂，結(jié)果將給所有國(guó)家?guī)��?lái)不利影響。

　　雖然采取協(xié)調(diào)政策對(duì)外匯市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行干預(yù)既不可取，也不可行，但是要解決目前的全球失衡問(wèn)題，進(jìn)行一定程度的多邊合作還是必要的。這種做法基于逆差國(guó)和順差國(guó)的共同利益，應(yīng)該反映國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備貨幣和其它貨幣之間的結(jié)構(gòu)性不對(duì)稱。其核心問(wèn)題在于如何形成共識(shí)，采取綜合調(diào)整措施，重新平衡全球總需求，同時(shí)避免引發(fā)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。一般而言，關(guān)鍵國(guó)家之間進(jìn)行政策協(xié)調(diào)并無(wú)必要，因?yàn)楦��?dòng)匯率、配套的貨幣政策以及獨(dú)立的中央銀行等因素，都能夠針對(duì)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)所遭受的沖擊而進(jìn)行調(diào)整。然而，如果解決全球支付失衡的融資渠道的可持續(xù)性受到質(zhì)疑，正如當(dāng)前形勢(shì)一樣，那么開展多邊合作，預(yù)防突然、無(wú)序的市場(chǎng)反應(yīng)，就是非常可取的舉措，尤其是考慮到不斷增加的全球失衡給一些國(guó)家?guī)��?lái)了貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義政策的壓力。

　　對(duì)于發(fā)展中國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，開展多邊合作，它們尤其可以從中獲益良多;反之，則受損多多。如果經(jīng)濟(jì)不穩(wěn)定，全球金融失衡出現(xiàn)無(wú)序發(fā)展，這些國(guó)家就會(huì)遭到更巨大的重創(chuàng)。世界經(jīng)濟(jì)正在走向一個(gè)多極化的國(guó)際貨幣體系，其中美國(guó)、歐元區(qū)、日本以及包括中國(guó)在內(nèi)的幾個(gè)重要新興市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體的貨幣和金融政策，都在發(fā)揮著重大影響。因此，新興市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體的政策制定者應(yīng)該努力強(qiáng)化制度，推動(dòng)有利的政策機(jī)制，在世界金融和生產(chǎn)體系一體化程度和相互依存度越來(lái)越高的情況下，提高自身的參與能力。

　　參考譯文

　　Multilateral Cooperation Is Key to Resolving Global Financial Imbalances

　　The current surge in private capital flows has occurred in the midst of much-improved domestic policies and global financial conditions compared with those that prevailed during the capital flows surge of the l990s. 1 This time around, governments have so far generally managed to avoid excessive expansion of aggregate demand, large current-account deficits, and sharp appreciations of the real exchange rate. However, the policy agenda for managing capital flows is broad and complex, and considerable challenges remain.

　　Progress has been made in simplifying the very complex web of capital controls and exchange rate restrictions imposed by many countries. 2 But the gradual opening of capital accounts must be accompanied by a further strengthening of macroeconomic policies, the development of local capital markets and the institutions needed to regulate them, and the establishment of a system of risk management robust enough to respond to the needs of a more flexible exchange rate and open capital account. 3 Liberalization of the capital account once implemented is difficult to reverse. A return to capital controls should be seen only as a policy of last resort, to be used to dampen excessive exchange rate volatility or to moderate large inflows of capital when other policies, such as interest rates and intervention in foreign exchange markets, prove fruitless.

　　Despite the considerable improvement in policies in recent years, the surge in capital flows still presents substantial risks to developing countries. Future risks to economic and financial stability will likely take a different form and character4 than those encountered in the past - and may expose institutional and macroeconomic weaknesses that cannot be anticipated at this juncture. One warning sign of potential troubles has been the surge in portfolio inflows that has been associated with a dramatic escalation of stock market prices and valuations in many developing countries5, particularly in Asia, raising the risk of asset price bubbles. Other signs of possible trouble are appreciated exchange rates and current account deficits in some Eastern European countries. The impact of individual risks could be magnified if several were to occur simultaneously.

　　Developing-country policies must be reinforced by renewed international efforts to promote stability and maintain a financial environment conducive to a balanced expansion and deployment6 of capital flows in developing countries. One major risk to stability is the growing imbalance in global payments and the associated market anxiety/ about the possibility of a disorderly adjustment of the imbalance through sudden changes in exchange rates and global interest rates. Such changes could destabilize and disrupt international financial markets, which would cause all countries to suffer.

　　Although a coordinated policy of intervention in foreign currency markets is neither desirable nor feasible, a degree of multilateral cooperation is needed to address the current global imbalances. That approach, based on the mutual interests of deficit and surplus countries, should reflect the structural asymmetry between international reserve currencies and other currencies. At its center must be consensus on a blend of adjustments8 adequate to rebalance global aggregate demand without causing a global recession. Ordinarily, policy coordination among key players9 is unnecessary, because floating exchange rates, accompanying l0 monetary policies, and independent central banks do their job to facilitate adjustment to any shocks hitting the world economy. 11 But when the sustainability of the sources of financel2 for global payment imbalances is in doubt, as it is at present, multilateral cooperation to prevent sudden and disorderly market reactions becomes highly desirable13, especially if the growing global imbalances create pressure for protectionist trade policies in some countries.

　　Developing countries, in particular, have much to gain from multilateral cooperation, and much to lose from its absence14, and they would suffer disproportionately if instability were induced and a disorderly unwinding of global financial imbalances ensued. The world economy is moving toward a multipolar international monetary system in which the monetary and financial policies of the United States, Euro Area, Japan, and several key emerging market economies, including China, all exert substantial influence. Policymakers in emerging market economies should therefore strive to strengthen institutions and promote policies and mechanisms that will improve their ability to navigate in a world of increasingly integrated and interdependent financial and production systems. 15

　　第二篇

　　漢譯英

　　尊重知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)，推動(dòng)自主創(chuàng)新

　　改革開放以來(lái)，中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)飛速發(fā)展，對(duì)外貿(mào)易成績(jī)顯著1。中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)和對(duì)外貿(mào)易發(fā)展的良好局面來(lái)之不易，這與我國(guó)政府尊重和重視知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)是分不開的。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展、知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)的興起和經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化進(jìn)程的加快，知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的重要性得到了歷史性提升。經(jīng)過(guò)二十多年的努力，中國(guó)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)事業(yè)全面發(fā)展，為鼓勵(lì)自主創(chuàng)新，增強(qiáng)自主研發(fā)能力，提高國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)和有力保障2。

　　當(dāng)今世界，知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度的變革與發(fā)展已進(jìn)入一個(gè)空前活躍的階段，知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技和貿(mào)易中的重要地位日益顯現(xiàn)，并成為促進(jìn)一個(gè)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的至關(guān)重要的因素。

　　強(qiáng)化知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度，已成為世界各國(guó)發(fā)展科技、經(jīng)濟(jì)和增強(qiáng)國(guó)力的必然選擇。3日本明確提出從科技立國(guó)到知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)立國(guó)的基本國(guó)策;4美國(guó)將知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)當(dāng)作國(guó)家基礎(chǔ)性的戰(zhàn)略資源，把強(qiáng)化知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)作為重要的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)手段，把深化知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)管理特別是對(duì)專利的管理作為指導(dǎo)科技創(chuàng)新、經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整以及產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級(jí)的重要手段。從國(guó)際大環(huán)境來(lái)看，知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)范圍正在不斷擴(kuò)大，知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)水平正在進(jìn)一步提高，圍繞知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日益加劇5。知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)已成為連接技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和貿(mào)易的紐帶。

　　未來(lái)15年，是中國(guó)走新型工業(yè)化道路，實(shí)現(xiàn)全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)奮斗目標(biāo)的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，也是我國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)貿(mào)易大國(guó)向貿(mào)易強(qiáng)國(guó)跨越的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。6要實(shí)現(xiàn)外貿(mào)增長(zhǎng)方式的根本轉(zhuǎn)變，提高對(duì)外貿(mào)易的質(zhì)量和效益，就必須重視自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)和自主品牌7的帶動(dòng)作用，通過(guò)加強(qiáng)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度建設(shè)，提高企業(yè)自主創(chuàng)新能力和核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。沒(méi)有完善的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)體系，中國(guó)的自主創(chuàng)新的能力就不可能得到釋放，8這不僅關(guān)系中國(guó)的形象，更影響我們自身的發(fā)展，事關(guān)中國(guó)的利益。9本世紀(jì)前20年，是中國(guó)走新型工業(yè)化道路，全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)，加速現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)進(jìn)程的戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期。我們要牢牢把握機(jī)遇，利用和保護(hù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)，培育和推動(dòng)企業(yè)自主創(chuàng)新能力建設(shè)，加快創(chuàng)造和培育中國(guó)高科技的自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)和自主品牌的步伐。我們要讓全世界知道，中國(guó)不是只有價(jià)廉物美的紡織品和輕工產(chǎn)品，還有更多體現(xiàn)民族聰明才智的自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品和自主品牌。

　　參考譯文

　　Rejuvenating Trade through Science and Technology and IPR Protection

　　Since reform and opening up, China's economy has been developing rapidly with tremendous achievements in foreign trade. The upbeat situation of China's economy and foreign trade is hard won, and is inseparable from the respect and attention paid by the Chinese government to IPR protection. With the development of science and technology, the rise of knowledge-based economy, and the acceleration of economic globalization, the importance of intellectual property has been enhanced historically, Through efforts over the last two decades, intellectual property has gained overall development in China, thus laying a solid foundation and constituting a strong guarantee for encouraging independent innovation, strengthening independent research and development capacity, and boosting international competitiveness.

　　In today's world, the reform and development of IPR system has entered an unprecedentedly dynamic stage. Intellectual property has played an increasingly prominent role in world economy, science and technology and trade, as well as a vital factor behind a nation's economic growth. To strengthen their IPR protection system has become a natural choice for countries that wish to develop science, technology and economy and enhance national strength. Japan has explicitly put forward the basic state policy of "building the country through intellectual property", replacing the previous one of "building the country through science and technology". The U.S. takes intellectual property as a fundamental national strategic resource. It identifies IPR protection as an important tool in competition, and deepening IPR management, especially patent management, as a significant instrument to guide technological innovation, economic restructuring and optimization and upgrading of industrial technological structure. In this global context, the coverage of IPR protection is widening, the level of protection is becoming higher, and competition centering on IPR is getting ever fiercer. Intellectual property has become a bridge linking technology, economy and trade.

　　The coming 15 years is a crucial period for China to take a new approach to industrialization and realize the objective of building a well-off society in an all-round way, and also a crucial period for China to transform itself from a big trading country to a strong trading power. The fundamental transformation of the developmental mode of foreign trade and improvement of the quality and effect of foreign trade demand attention to the driving role of proprietary IPR and brands. Through a strengthened IPR system, the innovation capability and core competitiveness of enterprises will be enhanced. Without a sound IPR protection system, it will be impossible for China to release its independent innovation capability. That has a bearing not only on China's image but also on her development and her interests.

　　The first 2 decades of this century is a period of strategic opportunities for China to take a new approach to industrialization, build a well-off society in an all-round way and expedite the modernization drive. We must grip the opportunities, protect and utilize IPR, foster and promote capacity building among enterprises for independent innovation, and accelerate the creation and cultivation of China's proprietary IPR and brands in the high-tech sector. We will show the whole world that China not only makes textile and light industry products featuring low price and good quality , but also makes high-tech products and brands with proprietary IPR that speak for the talent and wisdom of the Chinese nation.

　　第三篇

　　漢譯英

　　過(guò)去十年中，世界資本市場(chǎng)完成了全球化的變革。在未來(lái)十年里，全球化將復(fù)制到整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的其他各個(gè)領(lǐng)域當(dāng)中。具有國(guó)際性眼光成為企業(yè)管理的核心要素。缺乏這樣的眼光，管理者就等于閉目塞聽，在無(wú)知經(jīng)營(yíng)，對(duì)周遭發(fā)生的情況和變化一無(wú)所知。

　　而到了下個(gè)世紀(jì)，勞動(dòng)力構(gòu)成將與本世紀(jì)發(fā)生很大的不同，一方面是由于經(jīng)濟(jì)的全球化，另一方面則是由于人口的流動(dòng)。到那時(shí)，大多數(shù)公司將會(huì)雇用更多的外國(guó)員工。你和老板極有可能就是不同國(guó)籍的。人口和社會(huì)風(fēng)尚方面出現(xiàn)的變化意味著，社會(huì)上女性和少數(shù)民族的地位不斷提升，白人男子將變成勞動(dòng)力群體的少數(shù)。所有這些都要求傳統(tǒng)的勞動(dòng)力管理方式作出改變。

　　另外，過(guò)去人們認(rèn)為采用批量生產(chǎn)和參與型管理模式無(wú)法保證產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的優(yōu)質(zhì)。要獲得優(yōu)質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，客觀要求具有更高教育素質(zhì)和專門技術(shù)的勞動(dòng)者。要求生產(chǎn)工人有能力做數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)控;有能力做即時(shí)盤存。管理者的管理方式，將很快從“不必思考，照我的話去做”的老一套轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤白约核伎�，我不�?huì)教你怎么做”的新方式。

　　參考譯文

　　The globalization of the world's capital markets that has occurred in the past 10 years will be replicated right across the economy in the next decade. An international perspective has become central to management. Without it managers are operating in ignorance and cannot understand what is happening to them and their firms.

　　Partly because of globalization and partly because of demography, the work forces of the next century are going to be very different from those of the last century. Most firms will be employing more foreign nationals. More likely than not, you and your boss will not be of the same nationality. Demography and changing social mores mean that white males will become a smaller fraction of the work force as women and nunorities grow in importance. All of these factors will require changes in the traditional methods of managing the work force.

　　In addition, the need to produce goods and services at quality levels previously thought impossible to obtain in mass production and the spreading use of participatory management techniques will require a work force with much higher levels of education and skills. Production workers must be able to do statistical quality control; production workers must be able to do just- in-time inventories. Managers are increasingly shifting from a "don't think do what you are told" to a "think, I am not going to tell you what to do" style of management.

　　第四篇

　　漢譯英

　　隨著社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的逐步完善，中國(guó)大多數(shù)企業(yè)的社會(huì)責(zé)任意識(shí)也在不斷增強(qiáng)。它們恪守誠(chéng)信，合法經(jīng)營(yíng)，努力為國(guó)內(nèi)外消費(fèi)者提供高質(zhì)量的商品，注重節(jié)約，保護(hù)環(huán)境，努力履行社會(huì)義務(wù)。一些企業(yè)還主動(dòng)發(fā)布社會(huì)責(zé)任報(bào)告，公開履行社會(huì)責(zé)任狀況，自覺接受社會(huì)監(jiān)督。當(dāng)然，受經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平和發(fā)展階段的制約，中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)方式還比較粗放，能源資源消耗多，環(huán)境保護(hù)壓力大，少數(shù)企業(yè)還存在一些片面追求經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、忽視社會(huì)責(zé)任的行為。

　　企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任運(yùn)動(dòng)自上世紀(jì)80年代興起后，已經(jīng)成為世界潮流。強(qiáng)調(diào)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任，就是要求企業(yè)對(duì)投資者負(fù)責(zé)的同時(shí)，對(duì)員工負(fù)責(zé)，對(duì)消費(fèi)者負(fù)責(zé)，對(duì)商業(yè)伙伴負(fù)責(zé)，對(duì)環(huán)境和社會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)。國(guó)內(nèi)外企業(yè)的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，社會(huì)責(zé)任也是企業(yè)的品牌，是企業(yè)核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的組成部分，是企業(yè)長(zhǎng)盛不衰的重要法寶。企業(yè)要生存和發(fā)展，就必須增強(qiáng)社會(huì)責(zé)任意識(shí)，積極履行社會(huì)義務(wù)。我們有理由相信，未來(lái)的企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，將不再僅僅是產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、技術(shù)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和人才的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，更是履行社會(huì)責(zé)任的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)�！百�(zèng)人玫瑰，手有余香”。企業(yè)在履行社會(huì)責(zé)任、促進(jìn)社會(huì)和諧的同時(shí)，自身也會(huì)得到更大的發(fā)展。

　　參考譯文

　　As the socialist market economy gradually improves, there is also a growing sense of social responsibility among the vast majority of Chinese companies. They abide by the code of ethics and lawful operation and are committed to providing high-quality products for domestic and foreign consumers. They pay attention to conservation, environmental protection and CSR fulfillment.

　　Some companies go even further by publishing their CSR reports to disclose their CSR performance and to voluntarily subject themselves to public scrutiny. Of course, constrained by the level and stage of its economic development, China still practices a rough-edged economic growth model, featuring high energy and resources consumption and high environmental costs. A handful of companies are still single-mindedly seeking profits and turning a blind eye to their social responsibilities.

　　Since the 1980s, CSR has become to a global trend. Putting emphasis on CSR means companies not only have to be responsible to their investors, but also to their employees, customers, business partners, and to the environment and society. International success stories also show that CSR is part of a company's brand image and its core competitiveness. It is a vital source of sustained prosperity for business. So in order to survive and grow, it is imperative that companies should raise their CSR awareness and actively fulfill their social responsibilities. We have every reason to believe that future business competition will diversify from specific products, technology and talents toward CSR performance. As the proverb goes, "The rose is in her hand and the fragrance in mine". Companies benefit from their efforts to honor CSR and promote social harmony.

　　熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注：2018年翻譯資格考試初級(jí)筆譯模擬題(264篇)