2018年5月翻譯考試catti三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)試題：農(nóng)業(yè)

　　英譯漢

　　The importance of agriculture cannot be overstated. More than 50 percent of the world’s labor force is employed in agriculture. The distribution in the early 1980s ranged from 67 percent of those employed in Africa to less than 5 percent in North America. In Western Europe, the figure was about 16 percent; in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, about 32 percent; and in Asia, about 68 percent.

　　Farm size varies widely from region to region. Recently the average for Canadian farms was about 186 ha (about 460 acres) per farm, and for U.S. farms, about 175 ha (about 432 acres). The average size of a single landholding in the Philippines, however, may be somewhat less than 3.6 ha (less than 9 acres), and in Indonesia, a little less than 1.2 ha (less than 3 acres).

　　Size also depends on the purpose of the farm. Commercial farming, or production for cash, is usually done on large holding. The plantations of Latin America are large, privately owned estates worked by tenant labor. Single-crop plantations produce tea, rubber, cocoa. Wheat farms are most efficient when they comprise some thousands of hectares and can be worked by teams of people and machines. Australian sheep stations and other livestock farms must be large to provide grazing for thousands of animals.

　　Individual subsistence farms or small-family mixed-farm operations are decreasing in number in developed countries but are still numerous in the developing countries of Africa and Asia. A “back-to-the-land” movement in the U.S. reversed the decline of small farms in New England and Alaska in the decade from 1970 to 1980.

　　The conditions that determine what will be raised in an area include climate, water supply, and terrain.

　　Over the 10,000 years since agriculture began to be developed, peoples everywhere have discovered the food value of wild plants and animals and domesticated and bred them. The most important are cereals such as wheat, rice, barley, corn and rye.

　　Agricultural income is also derived from non-food crops such as rubber, fiber plants, tobacco, and oilseeds used in synthetic chemical compounds. Money is also derived from raising animals for pelt.

　　Much of the foreign exchange earned by a country may be derived from a single commodity; for example, Sri Lanka depends on tea, Denmark specializes in dairy products, Australia in wool, and New England in meat products. In the U.S., wheat has become a major foreign exchange commodity in recent years.

　　The importance of an individual country as an exporter of agricultural products depends on many variables. Among them is the possibility that the county is too little developed industrially to produce manufactured goods in sufficient quantity or technical sophistication. Such agricultural exporters include Ghana with cocoa, and Myanmar with rice. On the other hand, an exceptionally well-developed country may produce surpluses not needed by its own population; this as been true of the U.S., Canada, and some of the West European countries.

　　參考譯文

　　農(nóng)業(yè)的重要性怎樣錢掉都不為過。世界百分之五十以上的老噢動(dòng)力從事農(nóng)業(yè)。二十世紀(jì)八十年代初，農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力的比例在非洲高達(dá)百分之六十七，在北美洲則不足百分之五，在西歐約為百分之十六，在東歐和蘇聯(lián)約為百分之三十二，在亞洲則約為百分之六十八。

　　農(nóng)場(chǎng)規(guī)模因地而異，差別很大。直到最近，加拿大農(nóng)場(chǎng)的規(guī)模約為186公頃(約合460英畝)，美國(guó)農(nóng)藏的規(guī)模約為175公頃(約合432英畝)。但在菲律賓，私人農(nóng)場(chǎng)的規(guī)模略少于3.6公頃(不足9英畝)，在印度尼西亞則略少于1.2公頃(不足3英畝)。

　　農(nóng)場(chǎng)的規(guī)模還輕取決于其用途。大農(nóng)場(chǎng)通常從事商業(yè)耕種， 或者說為賺錢而生產(chǎn)。拉丁美洲的大莊園就是大片的私有土地，雇人勞動(dòng)。按一作物的種植原盛產(chǎn)茶葉、橡膠或可可。生產(chǎn)小麥的農(nóng)產(chǎn)最有效益。它們擁有幾千公頃土地，雇傭一群群工人，并使用機(jī)器。澳大利亞牧羊場(chǎng)和其它畜牧場(chǎng)的規(guī)模一定要大到足以能為成千的牲畜提供充足的飼料。

　　零散的維持生計(jì)的個(gè)體農(nóng)場(chǎng)，或者說混合經(jīng)營(yíng)的小規(guī)模家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)，在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家已日漸減少，但在非洲和亞洲的發(fā)展中國(guó)家里仍大量存在。美國(guó)的“返回田地”運(yùn)動(dòng)扭轉(zhuǎn)了1970至1980這十年間新英格蘭和阿拉斯加銷農(nóng)場(chǎng)衰敗的局面。

　　一個(gè)地區(qū)究竟生產(chǎn)什么取決于它的氣候、供水、地形和其它條件。

　　自由農(nóng)業(yè)以來的一萬多年中，各地的人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了野生動(dòng)植物的價(jià)值，于是將其加以馴化或栽培，最重要的是谷物，如小麥、稻子、大麥、玉米和黑麥。

　　農(nóng)業(yè)收入還來自非糧食作物，如橡膠、纖維織物、煙草以及可用于生產(chǎn)化學(xué)合成品的油料作物。此外，還可通過飼養(yǎng)動(dòng)物取其皮毛而獲利。

　　一個(gè)國(guó)家賺取的外匯，很大一部分可能來自某種單一的商品。例如，斯里蘭卡依靠茶葉，丹麥專門經(jīng)營(yíng)奶制品，澳大利亞出口羊毛，新西蘭和阿根廷則出口肉類制品。在美國(guó)，近年來小麥已成為其賺取外匯的主要商品。

　　一個(gè)國(guó)家是否以出口農(nóng)產(chǎn)品為主取決于許多可變因素。其中一個(gè)因素就是這個(gè)國(guó)家的工業(yè)可能很不發(fā)達(dá)，無法生產(chǎn)足夠數(shù)量和技術(shù)先進(jìn)的工業(yè)品。這類農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口國(guó)包括加納，出口可可，還有緬甸，出口大米。另一方面，特別發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家可能生產(chǎn)過剩，大于本國(guó)人的需求，美國(guó)、加拿大和一部分西歐國(guó)家就是這種情況。

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