2018上半年翻譯考試catti三級筆譯試題：漁業(yè)發(fā)展
英譯漢
Study Finds Hope in Saving Saltwater Fish Can we have our fish and eat it too? An unusual collaboration of marine ecologists and fisheries management scientists says the answer may be yes.
In a research paper in Friday‟s issue of the journal Science, the two groups, long at odds with each other, offer a global assessment of the world‟s saltwater fish and their environments.
Their conclusions are at once gloomy — overfishing continues to threaten many species— and upbeat: a combination of steps can turn things around. But because antagonism between ecologists and fisheries management experts has been intense, many familiar with the study say the most important factor is that it was done at all.
They say they hope the study will inspire similar collaborations between scientists whose focus is safely exploiting specific natural resources and those interested mainly in conserving them.
“We need to merge those two communities,” said Steve Murawski, chief fis heries scientist for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “This paper starts to bridge that gap.”
The collaboration began in 2006 when Boris Worm, a marine ecologist at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and other scientists made an alarming prediction: if current trends continue, by 2048 overfishing will have destroyed most commercially important populations of saltwater fish. Ecologists applauded the work. But among fisheries management scientists, reactions ranged from skepticism to fury over what many called an alarmist report.
Among the most prominent critics was Ray Hilborn, a professor of aquatic and fishery sciences at the University of Washington in Seattle. Yet the disagreement did not play out in typical scientific fashion with, as Dr. Hilborn put it, “researchers firing critical papers back and forth.” Instead, he and Dr. Worm found themselves debating the issue on National Public Radio. “We started talking and found more common ground than we had expected,” Dr. Worm said. Dr. Hilborn recalled thinking that Dr. Worm “actually seemed like a reasonable person.”
The two decided to work together on the issue. They sought and received financing and began organizing workshops at the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, an organization sponsored by the National Science Foundation and based at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
At first, Dr. Hilborn said in an interview, “the fisheries management people would go to lunch and the marine ecologists would go to lunch” — separately. But soon they were collecting and sharing data and recruiting more colleagues to analyze it.
Dr. Hilborn said he and Dr. Worm now understood why the ecologists and the management scientists disagreed so sharply in the first place. For one thing, he said, as long as a fish species was sustaining itself, management scientists were relatively untroubled if its abundance fell to only 40 or 50 percent of what it might otherwise be. Yet to ecologists, he said, such a stock would be characterized as “depleted” — “a very pejorative word.”
In the end, the scientists concluded that 63 percent of saltwater fish stocks had been depleted “below what we think of as a target range,” Dr. Worm said. But they also agreed that fish in well-managed areas, including the United States, were recovering or doing well. They wrote that management techniques like closing some areas to fishing, restricting the use of certain fishing gear or allocating shares of the catch to individualfishermen, communities or others could allow depleted fish stocks to rebound.
The researchers suggest that a calculation of how many fish in a given species can be caught in a given region without threatening the stock, called maximum sustainable yield, is less useful than a standard that takes into account the health of the wider marine environment. They also agreed that solutions did not lie only in management techniques but also in the political will to apply them, even if they initially caused economic disruption.
Because the new paper represents the views of both camps, its conclusions are likely to be influential, Dr. Murawski said. “Getting a strong statement from those communities that there is more to agree on than to disagree on builds confidence,” he said.
At a news conference on Wednesday, Dr. Worm said he hoped to be alive in 2048, when he would turn 79. If he is, he said, “I will be hosting a seafood party — at least I hope so.”
參考譯文：
漁業(yè)發(fā)展能否做到“魚與熊掌”兼得?海洋生態(tài)學家與漁業(yè)管理學家之間進行的非同尋常的合作表明，二者或可兼得。周五發(fā)行的新一期《科學》雜志刊登了一份研究報告，向來勢不兩立的這兩大派別在報告中對咸水魚及其生存環(huán)境作了全球性評估。
他們得出的結論可謂喜憂參半，憂的是過度捕撈繼續(xù)威脅著許多魚類，喜的是通過采取一系列措施可以扭轉局面。但是，鑒于海洋生態(tài)學家與漁業(yè)管理學家向來水火不容，對這項研究比較了解的許多人士指出，這項研究的重要意義在于表明了兩大陣營可以合作共事。
這些人士稱，他們希望這項研究能夠激勵那些主張適度開發(fā)某些自然資源的科學家與主張保護自然資源的科學家之間開展類似合作。斯蒂夫・穆拉維斯基(Steve Murawski)是美國國家海洋和大氣管理局的首席漁業(yè)科學家，他說，“我們需要整合這兩大陣營，這項聯合研究是一個良好開端。”這項聯合研究始于 2006 年，當時來自達爾豪斯大學(位于加拿大新斯科舍省哈利法克斯)的海洋生態(tài)學家鮑里斯·沃姆(Boris Worm)以及其他一些科學家警告稱，如果任由過度捕撈而不加制止的話，到 2048 年，一些具有重要商業(yè)價值的咸水魚類將會消失殆盡。許多生態(tài)學家對這一警告擊掌叫好，但是漁業(yè)管理學家們對這一預測不是表示懷疑，就是感到憤怒，稱這份報告是杞人憂天。西雅圖華盛頓大學研究水產與漁業(yè)的知名教授雷·希爾本對這一報告就頗有微詞。不過，他并沒有以科學家通常采用的方式來表達自己的不同意見。希爾本教授說，“通常情況下，研究人員會不斷拿出關鍵論文來進行爭辯。”這次的辯論一反常態(tài)，希爾本博士和沃姆博士在美國國家公共電臺展開激辯。
沃姆博士稱，“我們在辯論時發(fā)現我們的共識之多超乎預料�！毕柋静┦炕叵氘敃r的情景時稱，他當時也認為沃姆博士“實際上看似一個通情達理的人�！彪p方決定就此問題共同展開研究。他們開始籌措資金，在加州圣塔芭芭拉市美國國生態(tài)分析與合成中心舉辦研討會。該國家中心由美國國家科學基金會贊助支持。希爾本博士在接受采訪時稱，最初“漁業(yè)管理學家與海洋生態(tài)學家分開吃午飯”。不過，沒過多久，兩個陣營就開始收集、共享數據，并招募更多同事來分析數據。
希爾本博士稱，他和沃姆博士現在明白了為什么當初海洋生態(tài)學家與漁業(yè)管理學家觀點會如此迥異。希爾本博士說，只要某一魚類能夠正常延續(xù)下去，種群數量保持在自然水平的 40%或 50%以上，漁業(yè)管理學家認為這是可以接受的，但是對于海洋生態(tài)學家而言，種群數量下降至這一水平將被定性為“枯竭”，這是一個“頗具貶義的字眼”�？茖W家們得出的最終結論是，63%的咸水魚類資源已經耗盡，所剩資源“低于我們的目標范圍，”沃姆博士如是說。
但是，兩大陣營也一致認為，在美國等漁業(yè)管理比較完善的地區(qū)，魚類資源正逐步恢復或保持穩(wěn)定。科學家們在研究報告中寫到，在一些地區(qū)實施休漁政策、限制使用某些漁具、對個體漁民、社區(qū)等有關各方合理分配捕魚量等一些管理政策將有助于面臨枯竭的魚類資源逐步得到恢復。
參與該項研究的科學家們稱，與最高可持續(xù)捕魚量相比，設定一個統(tǒng)籌整個海洋環(huán)境健康發(fā)展的標準更有意義。所謂最高可持續(xù)捕魚量是指在不威脅某一魚類資源存續(xù)的前提下在某一地區(qū)的最高捕魚限量。科學家們也一致認為，解決之道不僅僅在于制定完善的漁業(yè)管理方法，還在于有無將管理方法落到實處的政治意愿，盡管實施之初會給經濟發(fā)展帶來一定影響。
穆拉維斯基博士說，鑒于該報告代表了兩大陣營的共同觀點，報告中得出的相關結論將會產生巨大影響。他說，“兩大陣營明確表示雙方共識大于分歧，這有助于提振信心�！蔽帜凡┦吭谥苋e行的新聞發(fā)布會上稱，他希望自己能活到 2048 年，到那時自己將屆 79 歲高齡。他說，倘能如愿，“我將舉辦一個海鮮派對，至少這是一個愿望”。
