2018年5月CATTI筆譯備考練習(xí)專題材料：地理篇

　　麗江古城，又名“大研古鎮(zhèn)”，海拔2400米，是麗江納西族自治縣的中心城市，是中國(guó)歷史文化名城之一，世界文化遺產(chǎn)。位于中國(guó)西南部云南省的麗江市，坐落在麗江壩中部，玉龍雪山下，北倚象山、金虹山、西枕獅子山;與同為第二批國(guó)家歷史文化名城的四川閬中、山西平遙、安徽歙縣并稱為“保存最為完好的四大古城”。是第二批被批準(zhǔn)的中國(guó)歷史文化名城之一，是中國(guó)僅有的以整座古城申報(bào)世界文化遺產(chǎn)獲得成功的兩座古縣城之一(另一座為山西平遙古城)。

　　The Old Town of Lijiang at 2,400m altitude, also known as "Dayan Ancient Town", is the central city of Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County. As a famous historical cultural city in China, the Old Town of Lijiang was listed as a World Heritage Site. The Town is located in the center of Lijiangba of Yunnan Province in Southwest China and lies at the foot of Yulong Snow Mountain with Xiangshan Mountain and Jinhong Mountain to the north and Shizi Mountain to the west. The Old Town of Lijiang, together with three other national historical cities - Langzhong City of Sichuan Province, Pingyao City of Shanxi Province and Shexian County of Anhui Province - are regarded as "Four Ancient Cities of Best Preservation". As one of the second batch of historical cultural cities in China, the Old Town of Lijiang is one of the two ancient counties (the other being the Pingyao Ancient City of Shanxi Province) included in the World Cultural Heritage list as the whole ancient city.

　　西遞、宏村古民居位于中國(guó)東部安徽省黟縣境內(nèi)的黃山風(fēng)景區(qū)，是皖南民居中最富有代表性的兩座古村落，以其世外桃源般的田園風(fēng)光、保存完好的村落形態(tài)、工藝精湛的徽派民居和豐富多彩的歷史文化內(nèi)涵而聞名天下。 西遞、宏村于1999年12月根據(jù)文化遺產(chǎn)遴選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)被列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。

　　Xidi and Hongcun are the two most outstanding ancient villages located in the Mount Huangshan Scenic Area of Yi County, Anhui Province in east China, well known for their extraordinary landscape, properly preserved village form, exquisite Anhui-style villages and profound historic and cultural connotations. In December 1999, Xidi and Hongcun were included in the World Heritage List.

　　平遙古城位于山西省中部平遙縣內(nèi)，是一座具有2700多年歷史的文化名城，它建于14世紀(jì)，是現(xiàn)今保存完整的漢民族城市的杰出范例，城內(nèi)居民約有50,000人，城市街道和城墻依然保留了明清建筑風(fēng)格。山西平遙與同為第二批國(guó)家歷史文化名城的四川閬中、云南麗江、安徽歙縣并稱為“保存最為完好的四大古城”，也是中國(guó)僅有的以整座古城申報(bào)世界文化遺產(chǎn)獲得成功的兩座古縣城之一(另一座為麗江古城)。

　　The Ancient City of Pingyao is located in central Shanxi Province. Built in the 14th century, it is a famous cultural city with a history of more than 2,700 years and is an exceptionally well-preserved example of a traditional Han Chinese city. With a population of 50,000, it preserves the urban streets and walls of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Pingyao in Shanxi, Langzhong in Sichuan, Lijiang in Yunnan and Shexian County in Anhui are included in the second batch of National Famous Historic and Cultural Cities and are jointly called "Four Most Well Preserved Ancient Cities". The Ancient City of Pingyao is one of the two ancient counties (the other being the Ancient City of Lijiang) included in the World Cultural Heritage list as the whole.

　　大足石刻位于中國(guó)西南部重慶市大足區(qū)境內(nèi)，是唐末宋初時(shí)期的摩崖石刻，以佛教題材為主，其中以寶頂山摩崖造像和北山摩崖造像最為著名。大足石刻是中國(guó)著名的古代石刻藝術(shù)，1999年被列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。

　　Dazu Rock Carvings, located in Dazu District of Chongqing in Southwest China, are cliff carvings dating from the late Tang Dynasty and the early Song Dynasty, with Buddhism as its main theme. Among the carvings, cliff carvings of Baoding Mountain and Beishan Mountain are the most famous. The Dazu Rock Carvings were listed as a World Heritage Site in 1999.

　　公元1世紀(jì)，在四川省峨嵋山景色秀麗的山巔上，落成了中國(guó)第一座佛教寺院。隨著四周其他寺廟的建立，該地成為佛教的主要圣地之一。許多世紀(jì)以來，文化財(cái)富大量積淀，最著名的要屬樂山大佛，它是8世紀(jì)時(shí)人們?cè)谝蛔�山巖上雕鑿出來的，俯瞰著三江交匯之所。佛像身高71米，堪稱世界之最。峨嵋山還以其物種繁多、種類豐富的植物而聞名天下，從亞熱帶植物到亞高山針葉林可謂應(yīng)有盡有，有些樹木樹齡已逾千年。

　　The first Buddhist temple in China was built in Sichuan Province in the 1st century A.D. in the beautiful surroundings of the summit of Mount Emei. The addition of other temples turned the site into one of Buddhism's holiest sites. Over the centuries, the cultural treasures grew in number. The most remarkable is the Giant Buddha of Leshan, carved out of a hillside in the 8th century and looking down on the convergence of three rivers. At 71m high, it is the largest Buddha in the world. Mount Emei is also notable for its exceptionally diverse vegetation, ranging from subtropical to subalpine pine forests. Some of the trees there are more than 1,000 years old.

　　蘇州古典園林是中國(guó)江蘇蘇州山水園林建筑的統(tǒng)稱，又稱“蘇州園林”，以私家園林為主，起始于春秋時(shí)期吳國(guó)建都姑蘇時(shí)(吳王闔閭時(shí)期，公元前514年)，形成于五代，成熟于宋代，興旺鼎盛于明清，到清末蘇州已有各色園林一百七十多處，現(xiàn)保存完整的有六十多處，對(duì)外開放的園林有十九處。1997年，蘇州古典園林作為中國(guó)園林的代表被列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》，被勝譽(yù)為“咫尺之內(nèi)再造乾坤”，是園林文化的翹楚和驕傲。蘇州園林主要有滄浪亭、獅子林、拙政園、留園、網(wǎng)師園、怡園等。

　　The Classical Gardens of Suzhou generally refer to the landscape garden buildings in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. They are also called "Suzhou Gardens", which are mainly private gardens. The Classical Gardens of Suzhou date from the Chunqiu Period when the State of Wu founded the capital in Suzhou (the King of the State of Wu Period, 514 BC), formed in the Five Dynasties, matured in the Song Dynasty and were prosperous in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Suzhou hosted more than 170 various gardens, over 60 of which are completely preserved, and 19 of which are open to the public. In 1997, the Classical Gardens of Suzhou were included in the World Heritage List as representative of Chinese gardens and were praised as "Recreating Heaven and Earth within a Stone's Throw", the pride of Chinese garden culture. The Classical Gardens of Suzhou mainly lie in the Surging Wave Pavilion, Lion Grove Garden, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master of Nets Garden, Joyous Garden, etc.

　　頤和園，位于北京市西北郊海淀區(qū)，距北京城區(qū)約15千米。始建于清代乾隆年間(1750年---1764年)。利用昆明湖、萬壽山為基址，以杭州西湖風(fēng)景為藍(lán)本，汲取江南園林的某些設(shè)計(jì)手法和意境而建成的一座大型天然山水園，也是保存得最完整的一座皇家行宮御苑，占地約290公頃。1998年11月被列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。

　　The Summer Palace, located in Haidian District, northwest Beijing, is about 15km from the city proper. It was built during the Qianlong Reign in the Qing Dynasty (1750-1764) with Kongming Lake and Wanshou Mountain as its basic layout and the West Lake landscape as its blueprint, together with some design methods and atmosphere from Jiangnan landscaped gardens. It is a masterpiece of natural gardening with mountains and water as well as the best preserved rural palace with an area of about 290 hectares. The Summer Palace was included in the World Heritage List in November 1998.

　　天壇，在北京市南部，東城區(qū)永定門內(nèi)大街東側(cè)。占地約273萬平方米。天壇始建于明永樂十八年(1420年)，清乾隆、光緒時(shí)曾重修改建。為明、清兩代帝王祭祀皇天、祈五谷豐登之場(chǎng)所。天壇是圜丘、祈谷兩壇的總稱，有壇墻兩重，形成內(nèi)外壇，壇墻南方北圓，象征天圓地方。1998年，被列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。

　　The Temple of Heaven is located in south Beijing on the east of Yongdingmen Street in Dongcheng District with an area of about 2,730,000 square meters. It was built in the Reign of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1420) and rebuilt in the Reign of Qianlong and Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty. Here the emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties as interlocutors between humankind and the celestial realm offered sacrifices to heaven and prayed for bumper harvests. Temple of Heaven is a collective term for Huanqiu Temple and Qigu Temple. The area is surrounded by a double-walled enclosure which forms two temples inside and out. The south part of the wall is square and the north round, which represents earth and heaven. The Temple of Heaven was listed as a World Heritage Site in 1998.

　　武夷山脈，廣義的“武夷山”，位于中國(guó)江西省、福建省兩省交界處的一座山脈，長(zhǎng)約550千米。 武夷山風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)，即狹義的“武夷山”，位于福建省武夷山市中部，以丹霞地貌為特點(diǎn)，是國(guó)家重點(diǎn)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)。武夷山是世界文化與自然雙重遺產(chǎn)

　　The Wuyi Mountains, and "Mount Wuyi" in general, is located on the boarder of Jiangxi Province and Fujian Province a length of about 550km. The Wuyishan National Scenic Area, "Mount Wuyi" in a narrow sense, is situated in the center of Wuyishan City, Fujian Province with distinctive Danxia land formations. Mount Wuyi was listed as a World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site.

　　明清皇家陵寢是中國(guó)明、清兩朝皇帝悉心規(guī)劃營(yíng)建的文物建筑，依照風(fēng)水理論，精心選址，將數(shù)量眾多的建筑物巧妙地安置于地下。它是人類改變自然的產(chǎn)物，體現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)的建筑和裝飾思想，闡釋了封建中國(guó)持續(xù)五百余年的世界觀與權(quán)力觀。體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)封建社會(huì)的最高喪葬制度和千百年封建社會(huì)的宇宙觀、生死觀、道德觀和習(xí)俗，也體現(xiàn)了當(dāng)時(shí)中國(guó)最高水平的規(guī)劃思想和建筑藝術(shù)，陵寢分布于北京、河北、遼寧、安徽、江蘇、湖北等地，主要建筑保存完整，反映了明清皇家陵寢原貌。此陵寢群在2000年為聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織登錄為世界文化遺產(chǎn)，并在2003年、2004年擴(kuò)充。

　　The Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were carefully planned by emperors, comprised of numerous buildings according to the principles of fengshui. They are the product of human harmony with nature and reflects traditional architectural and decoration concepts and indicates the world view of 500 years of feudal power in China. The Tombs represent the funeral system of feudal China as well as life and death, morality, and customs of feudal China which lasted thousands of years. The Tombs reflect a high level of planning and architectural art of the age. The Tombs are distributed in Beijing, Hebei, Liaoning, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hubei, etc., and the properly preserved main buildings present the original landscape of the tombs in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In 2000, the Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were selected as a World Cultural Heritage Site by UNESCO and were extended in 2003 and 2004.

　　龍門石窟位于中國(guó)中部河南省洛陽市南郊12.5公里處，龍門峽谷東西兩崖的峭壁間。這里地處交通要沖，山清水秀，氣候宜人，是文人墨客的觀游勝地。又因?yàn)辇堥T石窟所在的巖體石質(zhì)優(yōu)良，宜于雕刻，所以古人選擇此處開鑿石窟。龍門地區(qū)的石窟和佛龕包含北魏晚期至唐代(公元316至907年)期間最具規(guī)模和最為優(yōu)秀的中國(guó)藝術(shù)藏品。這些藝術(shù)作品全部反映佛教宗教題材，代表了中國(guó)石刻藝術(shù)的最高峰。龍門石窟是中國(guó)石刻藝術(shù)寶庫(kù)之一，是國(guó)家AAAAA級(jí)景區(qū)。2000年被聯(lián)合國(guó)科教文組織列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。

　　The Longmen Grottoes are located between two cliffs of Longmen Gorge, 12.5km from the southern suburbs of Luoyang, Henan Province in central China. Thanks to its convenient traffic, beautiful scenery and pleasant climate, it has become a famous tourism attraction for eminent men of letters. The Longmen Grottoes were largely because the stones there were good for carving. The grottoes and niches for Buddha contain the largest and the most outstanding Chinese art collections from the later period of the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty (AD 316-907). All these works of art reflect Buddhist religious subjects and represent the peak of Chinese stone carving art. The Longmen Grottoes are one of the stone carving treasures of China, and they are a national AAAAA-level scenic area. In 2000, it was selected as a World Cultural Heritage Site by UNESCO.

　　都江堰位于四川省都江堰市城西，是中國(guó)古代建設(shè)并使用至今的大型水利工程，被譽(yù)為“世界水利文化的鼻祖”，是四川著名的旅游勝地。通常認(rèn)為，都江堰水利工程是由秦國(guó)蜀郡太守李冰及其子率眾于前256年左右修建的。在2000年，都江堰以其為“當(dāng)今世界年代久遠(yuǎn)、惟一留存、以無壩引水為特征的宏大水利工程”，與青城山共同作為一項(xiàng)世界文化遺產(chǎn)被列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄。

　　Located in the west of Dujiangyan City of Sichuan Province, Dujiangyan is a large-scale water conservancy project constructed in ancient China and operated till now. Known as “the ancestor of world water conservancy culture”, it is a famous tourist attraction in Sichuan Province. It is commonly believed that the construction of the Dujiangyan water conservancy project was led by Li Bing, Shu Satrap of the Qin Dynasty and his son and was completed around 256 BC. Being “the antique, only retained and grand water conservancy project characterized by diversion without dam”, Dujiangyan was included in the World Heritage List as a natural heritage site together with Mount Qingcheng in 2000.

　　云岡石窟位于中國(guó)北部山西省大同市西郊17公里處的武周山南麓，石窟依山開鑿，東西綿延1公里。存有主要洞窟45個(gè)，大小窟龕252個(gè)，石雕造像51000余軀，為中國(guó)規(guī)模最大的古代石窟群之一，與敦煌莫高窟、洛陽龍門石窟和天水麥積山石窟并稱為中國(guó)四大石窟藝術(shù)寶庫(kù)。 2001年12月14日被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄。

　　The Yungang Grottoes are located at the southern foothill of Mount Wuzhou, 17km from western suburbs of Datong City, Shanxi Province in northern China. The Grottoes were carved into the mountain with an east-west distance of 1km. It comprises 45 main caves, 252 niches and over 51,000 stone statues. As one of the largest ancient grotto groups in China, The Yungang Grottoes, together with the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, the Luoyang Longmen Grottoes and the Tianshui Maijishan Grottoes, are called the four grotto art treasures of China. On December 14, 2001, Yungang Grottoes were included in the World Heritage List by UNESCO.

　　三江并流保護(hù)區(qū)自然景觀位于云南省西北山區(qū)的三江國(guó)家公園內(nèi)，包括八大片區(qū)，面積170萬公頃，是亞洲三條著名河流的上游地段，金沙江(長(zhǎng)江上游)、瀾滄江(湄公河上游)和怒江(薩爾溫江上游)三條大江在此區(qū)域內(nèi)并行奔騰，由北向南，途徑3000多米深的峽谷和海拔6000多米的冰山雪峰。這里是中國(guó)生物多樣性最豐富的區(qū)域，同時(shí)也是世界上溫帶生物多樣性最豐富的區(qū)域。2003年7月，聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織將三江并流保護(hù)區(qū)作為“世界自然遺產(chǎn)”列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。

　　The Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas consist of eight geographical clusters of protected areas within the boundaries of the Three Parallel Rivers National Park in the mountainous north-west of Yunnan Province. The 1.7 million hectare site features sections of the upper reaches of three of the great rivers of Asia: the Yangtze, Mekong and Salween run roughly parallel, north to south, through steep gorges which, in places, are 3,000m tall and are bordered by glaciated peaks more than 6,000m high. The site is an epicenter of Chinese biodiversity. It is also one of the richest temperate regions of the world in terms of biodiversity. In July 2003, The Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas was included in the World Heritage List by UNESCO as a natural heritage site.

　　高句麗王城、王陵及貴族墓葬是指以中國(guó)吉林省集安市為中心分布的高句麗前期建筑遺跡。高句麗政權(quán)始于公元前三十七年，止于公元六百六十八年，曾是中國(guó)東北地區(qū)影響較大的少數(shù)民族政權(quán)之一，在東北亞歷史發(fā)展過程中發(fā)生過重要作用。高句麗政權(quán)發(fā)軔于今遼寧省桓仁縣，公元三年遷都至國(guó)內(nèi)城 ( 今吉林集安 ) ，四百二十七年再遷都至平壤�；溉逝c集安是高句麗政權(quán)早中期的政治、文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)中心所在，累計(jì)共四百六十五年，是高句麗文化遺產(chǎn)分布最集中的地區(qū)。

　　The Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom refer to the sites of early Koguryo buildings centered in Ji’an City, Jilin Province. The power of Koguryo, one of the larger minority powers affecting northeast China from 37 BC to AD 668, played a vital role in the development of Northeast Asian history. It began in Huanren County, Liaoning Province and moved the capital to Guknaesong (Ji’an, Jilin) in AD 3, and then moved to Pyongyang in AD 427. The sites of Hengren and Ji’an were the political, cultural and economic centers of the early and middle stage of the Koguryo for 456 years, and they are the most concentrated areas of the cultural heritage of Koguryo.

　　澳門歷史城區(qū)，位于中國(guó)澳門，是由22座位于澳門半島的建筑物和相鄰的8塊前地所組成，是中國(guó)境內(nèi)現(xiàn)存最古老，保存最完整和最集中的東西方風(fēng)格共存建筑群，當(dāng)中包括中國(guó)最古老的教堂遺址和修道院、最古老的基督教墳場(chǎng)、最古老的西式炮臺(tái)建筑群、第一座西式劇院、第一座現(xiàn)代化燈塔和第一所西式大學(xué)等。作為歐洲國(guó)家在東亞建立的第一個(gè)領(lǐng)地，城區(qū)見證了澳門四百多年來文化與西方文化互相交流、多元共存的歷史。澳門歷史城區(qū)在2005年7月正式被列入《世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄》。

　　The Historic Center of Macao, located in Macao, China, is comprised of 22 buildings on the Macao Peninsula and 8 adjacent forelands. The ancient, completely preserved, and centralized building groups have both western and eastern architectural styles. The building groups include ancient church ruins, an abbey, Christian cemetery, western battery groups, the first western theatre, first modern beacon and first western college in China. As the first territory set up by a European country in Eastern Asia, the Historic Centre of Macao has witnessed a history of more than 400 years of coexistence and mutual exchange of culture between China and the West. The Historic Centre of Macao was included in the World Heritage List in July 2005.

　　四川大熊貓棲息地由中國(guó)四川省境內(nèi)的7處自然保護(hù)區(qū)和9處風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)組成，地跨成都市、雅安市、阿壩藏族羌族自治州、甘孜藏族自治州。四川大熊貓棲息地?fù)碛胸S富的植被種類，是全球最大最完整的大熊貓棲息地。四川大熊貓棲息地于2006年7月12日成為世界自然遺產(chǎn)。

　　The Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries, comprised of 7 nature reserves and 9 scenic areas, are distributed in Chengdu, Ya’an, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture and the Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province. Along with rich flora, the Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries are the largest and most complete Giant Panda Sanctuaries in the world, and became a World Natural Heritage site on July 12, 2006.

　　殷墟是中國(guó)商王朝后期都城遺址，在河南省安陽市西北郊的洹河南北兩岸，以小屯村為中心，面積約30平方公里，是商代晚期(公元前1300至1046年)的古代都城，代表了中國(guó)早期文化、工藝和科學(xué)的黃金時(shí)代，是中國(guó)青銅器時(shí)代最繁榮的時(shí)期。2006年被聯(lián)合國(guó)科教文組織列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。

　　Yin Xu (Yin Ruins) is the archaeological site from the late Shang Dynasty with an area of 30km2. It is situated on both banks of the Huanhe River to the northwest of Anyang City, Henan Province. The site, centered on Xiaotun Village, is the capital of the late Shang Dynasty (from 1300 BC to 1046 AD). It represents the golden period of early Chinese culture, craft and science, the most prosperous period in Bronze Age. Yin Xu was included in the World Cultural Heritage List by UNESCO in 2006.

　　江門開平碉樓位于廣東省江門市下轄的開平市境內(nèi)，是中國(guó)鄉(xiāng)土建筑的一個(gè)特殊類型，是集防衛(wèi)、居住和中西建筑藝術(shù)于一體的多層塔樓式建筑。其特色是中西合璧的民居，有古希臘、古羅馬及伊斯蘭等風(fēng)格多種。根據(jù)現(xiàn)存實(shí)證，開平碉樓約產(chǎn)生于明代后期(16世紀(jì))，到19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初發(fā)展成為表現(xiàn)中國(guó)華僑歷史、社會(huì)形態(tài)與文化傳統(tǒng)的一種獨(dú)具特色的群體建筑形象。這一類建筑群規(guī)模宏大、品類繁多，造型別致，分布在開平市的鄉(xiāng)村�！伴_平碉樓與古村落”被列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》，中國(guó)由此誕生了首個(gè)華僑文化的世界遺產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目。

　　Kaiping Diaolou (Kaiping Blockhouse), located in Kaiping City under the jurisdiction of Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, is a particular type of rural architecture in China. It is a multilayer tower building integrated with defense, residences, and Chinese and western architecture. It features the combination of Chinese and western dwellings, with plenty styles such as ancient Greek, ancient Roman and Islamic styles. Based on present evidence, Kaiping Diaolou generated from the late Ming Dynasty (16th century), and was developed into a unique group of buildings presenting the history of oversea Chinese, social cohesion and cultural traditions. The cluster buildings are on a grand scale, with wide varieties and unique shapes, are distributed in the countryside of Kaiping City. After Kaiping Diaolou was included in the World Heritage List, the first World Heritage of Oversea Chinese Culture in China.

　　"喀斯特"即巖溶，是水對(duì)可溶性巖石進(jìn)行溶蝕等作用所形成的地表和地下形態(tài)的總稱，是一種地貌特征。"中國(guó)南方喀斯特地貌"擁有最顯著的喀斯特地貌類型(如尖塔狀、錐狀喀斯特)以及如天生橋、天坑之類的雄偉奇特的喀斯特景觀，是世界上最壯觀的熱帶至亞熱帶喀斯特地貌樣本之一。2007年被收入聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織的《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》，2014年得到了增補(bǔ)添加。

　　Karst is a morphological characteristic and the generic term of surface and underground morphology formed under the corrosion of soluble rock by water. South China Karst contains the remarkable types of Karst landforms (such as tower, and pinnacle karst), and grand landscapes such as natural bridges and sky holes, an example of some of the most gorgeous Karst geomorphology in tropical and subtropical regions. South China Karst was included in the World Heritage List by UESCO in 2007 with new content added in 2014.

　　福建土樓，又名福建客家土樓。主要分布在福建省漳州南靖、華安，龍巖市永定等地。土樓以土、木、石、竹為主要建筑材料，利用將未經(jīng)燒焙的按一定比例的沙質(zhì)黏土和黏質(zhì)沙土拌合而成，用夾墻板夯筑而成的兩層以上的房屋。福建土樓產(chǎn)生于宋元，成熟于明末、清代和民國(guó)時(shí)期。2008年7以永定客家土樓為主體的福建土樓被正式列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》 。

　　Fujian Tulou, also known as Fujian Hakka Tulou, are found in Nanjing County of Zhangzhou City, Hua'an County and Yongding County of Longyan City in Fujian Province. The Tulou are a kind of building with over two floors constructed with clamped wall boards. With such major building materials as soil, wood, stones and bamboo, The Tulou are built with sandy clay mixed with sand according without burning or baking. The process originated from the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and matured in the late Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty and the Period of Republic of China. In July 2008, Fujian Tulou (Hakka Tulou as the main body) was officially included in the World Heritage List.

　　三清山又名少華山、丫山，位于中國(guó)江西省上饒市玉山縣與德興市交界處。因玉京、玉虛、玉華三峰宛如道教玉清、上清、太清三位尊神列坐山巔而得名。其中玉京峰為最高，海拔1819.9米，是江西第五高峰和懷玉山脈的最高峰，也是信江的源頭。三清山是道教名山，世界自然遺產(chǎn)、世界地質(zhì)公園、國(guó)家自然遺產(chǎn)、國(guó)家地質(zhì)公園。

　　Mount Sanqing, also known as Mount Shaohua or Mount Yashan, is located on the boarder of Yushan County of Shangrao City and Dexing City in Jiangxi Province of China. The three peaks Yujing, Yuxu and Yuhua look like Taoist gods Yuqing, Shangqing and Taiqing seated at the top of mountain, giving it the name Mount Sanqing. The Yujing Peak at an altitude of 1819.9m is the highest among the three and is the fifth highest peak in Jiangxi Province. It is also the highest peak of the Huaiyu Mountains and is also the source of the Xinjiang River. Mount Sanqing is a famous mountain in Taoism and is also a World Natural Heritage, World Geopark, National Natural Heritage site and National Geopark.

　　五臺(tái)山(Mount Wutai)位于山西省山西省東北部忻州市五臺(tái)縣境內(nèi)，西南距省會(huì)太原市230公里，因?yàn)槲鍌�(gè)與眾不同的臺(tái)頂而著稱。它與浙江普陀山、安徽九華山、四川峨眉山共稱為“中國(guó)佛教四大名山”，且位列中國(guó)佛教四大名山之首。五臺(tái)山與尼泊爾藍(lán)毗尼花園、印度鹿野苑、菩提伽耶、拘尸那迦并稱為世界五大佛教圣地。2009年被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織以文化景觀列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄。

　　Located in Wutai County, Xinzhou City in Northeast Shanxi Province, Mount Wutai is 230km away from Taiyuan City, the capital of Shanxi Province in the southwest and is famous for its five different platforms. It is one of the Four Famous Buddhist Mountains in China and ranks first among them with the rest including Mount Putuo in Zhejiang Province, Mount Jiuhua in Anhui Province and Mount Emei in Sichuan Province. It is one of the five Buddhist Holy Lands in the World alongside Lumbini Nepal, Sarnath, Bodhgaya and Kushinagar in India. In 2009, it was included in the World Heritage List by UNESCO as a cultural landscape.

　　丹霞是全球紅層類特殊地貌景觀，具有赤壁丹崖、群峰聳峙、峽谷深切、風(fēng)景優(yōu)美等主要特征。“中國(guó)丹霞”集地質(zhì)多樣性、地貌多樣性、生物多樣性及景觀珍奇性于一體。中國(guó)丹霞包括貴州赤水、福建泰寧、湖南崀山、廣東丹霞山、江西龍虎山(包括龜峰)、浙江的江郎山六處典型的丹霞地貌。2010年“中國(guó)丹霞”組合列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄。

　　Danxia is a special geomorphologic landscape of red beds and is mainly characterized by red cliffs, standing peaks, deep canyons and beautiful scenery. Chinese Danxia integrates geology diversity, geomorphology diversity, biological diversity and landscape rarity and involves six typical Danxia landforms which are Chishui City in Guizhou Province, Taining County in Fujian Province, Mount Langshan in Hunan Province, Mount Danxia in Guangdong Province, Mount Longhu in Jiangxi Province (Guifeng included) and Mount Jianglang in Zhejiang Province. In 2010, China Danxia was included in World Heritage List.

　　"天地之中"歷史建筑群，分布于河南省鄭州市登封市區(qū)周圍，包括太室闕和中岳廟、少室闕、啟母闕、嵩岳寺塔、少林寺建筑群(常住院、初祖庵、塔林)、會(huì)善寺、嵩陽書院、觀星臺(tái)等8處11項(xiàng)歷史建筑，歷經(jīng)漢、魏、唐、宋、元、明、清，綿延不絕。它于2010年8月列被入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄。

　　The Historic Monuments in “The Center of Heaven and Earth” are distributed around Dengfeng City, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, including eight (eleven in total) historic monuments which are the Taishi Towers, Zhongyue Temple, Shaoshi Towers, Qimu Towers, Songyue Temple, buildings of Shaolin Temple (Changzhu Yard, Chuzu Convent and the Pagoda Forest included), Huishan Temple, Songyang Academy and Start Observation Platform. These monuments went through the dynasties of Han, Wei, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing. In August 2010, it was included in the World Heritage List.

　　“杭州西湖文化景觀”位于浙江省杭州市，總面積為3322.88公頃，由西湖自然山水、“三面云山一面城”的城湖空間特征、“兩堤三島”景觀格局、“西湖十景”題名景觀、西湖文化史跡和西湖特色植物6大要素組成。它于2011年被列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄。

　　The West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou is located in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, with a total area of 3,322.88 hectares. It consists of six elements which are the natural landscape of West Lake, the city-lake space characterized by “three sides of cloudy mountains and one side of city”, the landscape pattern of “two dykes and three islands”, the inscriptions landscape of “ten landscapes of West Lake” and the characteristic plants of West Lake. In 2011, it was included in the World Heritage List.

　　布達(dá)拉宮自公元7世紀(jì)起就成為達(dá)賴?yán)�嘛的冬宮，象征著藏傳佛教及其在歷代行政統(tǒng)治中的中心作用。布達(dá)拉宮，坐落在拉薩河谷中心海拔3700米的紅色山峰之上，由白宮和紅宮及其附屬建筑組成。大昭寺也建造于公元7世紀(jì)，是一組極具特色的佛教建筑群。建造于公元18世紀(jì)羅布林卡，曾經(jīng)作為達(dá)賴?yán)�嘛的夏宮，也是西藏藝術(shù)的杰作。這三處遺址的建筑精美絕倫，設(shè)計(jì)新穎獨(dú)特，加上豐富多樣的裝飾以及與自然美景的和諧統(tǒng)一，更增添了其在歷史和宗教上的重要價(jià)值。

　　The Potala Palace has been the winter palace of the Dalai Lama since the 7th century, symbolizing Tibetan Buddhism and its central role in the administration of Tibet in previous dynasties. The Potala Palace is located on the Red Mountain in the center of Lhasa Valley, comprising the White Palace and the Red Palace as well as their ancillary buildings with an altitude of 3,700m. Also founded in the 7th century, the Jokhang Temple Monastery is an exceptional Buddhist religious complex. Norbulingka, the Dalai Lama's former summer palace, was constructed in the 18th century. It is another masterpiece of Tibetan art. The beauty and originality of the architecture of these three sites, their rich ornamentation and harmonious integration into a striking landscape add to their historic and religious interest.

　　武陵源風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)，位于中國(guó)中部湖南省西北部，由張家界市的張家界森林公園、慈利縣的索溪峪自然保護(hù)區(qū)和桑植縣的天子山自然保護(hù)區(qū)組合而成，總面積約500平方公里。這里遍地奇花異草，蒼松翠柏、蔽日遮天;奇峰異石，突兀聳立;溪繞云谷，絕壁生煙。1993年被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織作為世界自然遺產(chǎn)列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄。

　　Located in northwest Hunan Province in central China, the Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area is comprised of the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park in Zhangjiajie, Suoxiyu Natural Reserve in Cili County, and Tianzishan Natural Reserve in Sangzhi County. It covers an area of approximately 500km2. It contains exotic flowers and rare herbs, green pines and verdant cypresses overshadowing the entire area. There are also plenty of picturesque peaks and rocks rising high in the sky. It is surrounded by brooks, valleys and cliffs. In 1993, the Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area was included in the World Heritage List by UNESCO as a natural heritage site.

　　承德避暑山莊是清王朝的夏季行宮，位于河北省境內(nèi)，修建于公元1703年到1792年，由眾多的宮殿以及其他處理政務(wù)、舉行儀式的建筑構(gòu)成的一個(gè)龐大的建筑群，建筑風(fēng)格各異的廟宇和皇家園林同周圍的湖泊、牧場(chǎng)和森林巧妙地融為一體。避暑山莊不僅具有極高的美學(xué)研究?jī)r(jià)值，而且還保留著中國(guó)封建社會(huì)發(fā)展末期的罕見歷史遺跡。

　　Chengde Summer Resort (the Qing dynasty's summer palace) is located in Hebei Province. Built between 1703 and 1792, it is a vast complex of palaces with administrative and ceremonial buildings. Here, temples and imperial gardens of various architectural styles are harmoniously integrated, forming a landscape of lakes, pastureland and forests. Chengde Summer Resort is also a rare historic relic of the final development of feudal society in China, in addition to its significant aesthetic value.

　　曲阜孔廟、孔林、孔府，位于中國(guó)北部山東省的曲阜市中央，又被合稱為“三孔”。始建于公元前478年，千百年來屢毀屢建，逐步發(fā)展成現(xiàn)有的建筑群。它是在孔子故居的基礎(chǔ)上包括孔子及其后裔的宗廟、墓地和宅邸在內(nèi)，逐步發(fā)展起來的一組具有東方建筑色彩和格調(diào)、氣勢(shì)雄偉壯麗的龐大古代建筑群。總占地面積約3500余畝，擁有近千間建筑。1994年12月根據(jù)世界文化遺產(chǎn)遴選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)入選《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。

　　The Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu are located in central Qufu, Shandong Province, in northern China. Collectively called "Three Confucius" and initially built in 478 BC, they have been destroyed and reconstructed over the centuries and gradually developed to the buildings seen today. "Three Confucius" is an enormous ancient building complex gradually developed on the former residence of Confucius, including temples, graves and residences of Confucius and his descendants. It is designed with oriental architectural colors and styles. Covering about 3,500mu, it is built with 1,000 buildings and was included in the World Heritage List in December 1994.

　　武當(dāng)山古建筑中的宮闕廟宇集中體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)元、明、清三代世俗和宗教建筑的建筑學(xué)和藝術(shù)成就。古建筑群座落在溝壑縱橫、風(fēng)景如畫的湖北省武當(dāng)山麓，在明代期間逐漸形成規(guī)模，其中的道教建武當(dāng)山古建筑群筑可以追溯到公元7世紀(jì)，這些建筑代表了近千年的中國(guó)藝術(shù)和建筑的最高水平。1994年12月被列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。

　　Palaces and temples in the Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains perfectly embody the architectural and artistic achievements made in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties in ancient China. Situated among picturesque valleys of the Wudang Mountains in Hubei Province, the Complex took shape in the Ming Dynasty (the 14th-17th centuries) and the Taoist buildings there can be dated back to the 7th century. These buildings were designed and built as per the highest standards of Chinese art and architecture over a period of around 1,000 years. The Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains was included in the World Heritage List in December of 1994.

　　廬山位于江西省九江市，山體呈橢圓形，典型的地壘式塊段山，長(zhǎng)約25公里，寬約10公里，綿延的90余座山峰，猶如九疊屏風(fēng)，屏蔽著江西的北大門，主峰漢陽峰，海拔1474米。著名的三疊泉瀑布，落差達(dá)155米。 廬山以雄、奇、險(xiǎn)、秀聞名于世，具有極高的科學(xué)價(jià)值和旅游觀賞價(jià)值。

　　Located in Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, Mount Lushan is a 25km long and 10km wide oval horst block mountain with 90 peaks, forming a nine-folding screen in northern Jiangxi. Hanyang Peak is the main peak with an altitude of 1,474m and the famous Sandie Waterfall has a fall of 155m. Mount Lushan is famous internationally for its majesty, height and beauty and is of great scientific research and tourism value.