Career Development 職業(yè)發(fā)展

　　Family Functioning and Career Development

　　家庭的作用與職業(yè)發(fā)展

　　The family is a place in which children learn to interpret reality.

　　家庭是子女詮釋現(xiàn)實社會的場所。

　　Parents serve as significant interpreters for children of information about the world and children’s abilities.

　　在為子女詮釋這個世界及分析子女的能力方面，父母扮演著一個重要的角色。

　　Researchers have studied the influence of parents and the family on children’s career choice and development.

　　就父母和家庭對子女的職業(yè)生涯選擇和發(fā)展的影響，人們已做了不少研究。

　　Some researchers demonstrate links between career development and such factors as socioeconomic status, parents’ educational and occupational attainment, and cultural background.

　　一些研究表明職業(yè)發(fā)展與社會地位、父母的受教育程度及職業(yè)成就，以及文化背景有關(guān)聯(lián)。

　　And others consider the effects of family relationships and looks at the ways in which parenting styles, family functioning, and parent-child interaction influence career development.

　　另一些研究注重家庭關(guān)系(對職業(yè)發(fā)展)的影響，并研究父母的養(yǎng)育風格、家庭作用、父母與子女之間的溝通如何影響個人的職業(yè)發(fā)展。

　　Overall family functioning, a broader concept that encompasses parenting style, parental support and guidance, positive or negative environmental influences, and family members’ interaction styles.

　　總的來說，家庭的作用是一個較廣義的概念，包括父母的養(yǎng)育風格、父母的支持和指點、正面或負面的環(huán)境影響以及家庭成員的相互影響。

　　Family functioning has a greater influence on career development than either family structure (size, birth order, number of parents) or parents’ educational and occupational status.

　　家庭的作用比家庭結(jié)構(gòu)(大小、出聲階層、是否單親家庭)和父母所受的教育程度及職業(yè)地位對子女的職業(yè)發(fā)展影響更大。

　　Parental support and guidance can include specific career or educational suggestions as well as experiences that indirectly support career development, such as family vocation, provision of resources such as books, and modeling of paid and non-paid work roles.

　　父母的支持和指點可以包括具體的職業(yè)教育建議和對職業(yè)發(fā)展有直接指導作用的經(jīng)驗，比如家族職業(yè)、資源的供應(yīng)(如書)、從事義務(wù)與非義務(wù)工作方面的榜樣。

　　The absence of support, guidance, and encouragement can lead to “floundering,” the inability to develop and pursue a specific career focus.

　　沒有父母的支持、指點和鼓勵，子女有可能會“出差錯”，沒有具體明確的職業(yè)重心。

　　Lack of support can also take the form of conflict, when a parent pressures a child toward a particular career and may withdraw financial and emotional support for a career path not of the parent’s choosing.

　　當父母施壓強制子女從事某一職業(yè)，或當子女違背父母的意愿另擇職業(yè)時，父母就有可能撤回經(jīng)濟與精神上的支持，這些都會導致矛盾沖突。

　　Family functioning also includes the response to circumstances such as poverty, alcoholism, marital instability, and illness or death of family members.

　　家庭的作用還包括家庭成員對某些問題的態(tài)度與反應(yīng)，如貧困、酗酒、婚姻的不穩(wěn)定性、疾病與死亡。

　　Sometimes an individual may respond to a stressful or negative family environment by making hasty, unreflective career choices in an attempt to escape or survive.

　　有時緊張或負面的家庭環(huán)境會導致個人未經(jīng)仔細思考就倉促做出職業(yè)選擇以逃避家庭或維持生存。

　　On the other hand, critical life events can spur a transformative learning experience that may shape a career and life direction.

　　另一方面，重大的人生事件可能改變一個人的學習經(jīng)歷，學習經(jīng)歷會決定職業(yè)的發(fā)展方向和生活導向。

　　Interactions between parents and children and among siblings are a powerful influence.

　　父母與子女及兄弟姐妹間的相互影響很大。

　　Interactions can include positive behaviors such as showing support and interest and communicating openly, or negative behaviors such as pushing and controlling.

　　相互影響可以包括正面的行為，如表示支持、表示感興趣和坦率地交流;或有負面影響的行為，如逼迫和控制。

　　By sharing workplace stories, expressing concern for children’s future, and modeling work behaviors, parents serve as a context for interpreting the realities of work.

　　通過分享工作場所的故事，表達對孩子未來的關(guān)心和樹立工作行為的榜樣，父母為子女提供了一個詮釋工作現(xiàn)實問題的環(huán)境。

　　Parent-child connectedness facilitates risk taking and exploration, which are needed for identity formation in general as well as for the formation of vocational identity.

　　父母—子女的血統(tǒng)關(guān)系會促進子女去冒險、去探索，這對子女的發(fā)展和職業(yè)選擇都是必須的。

　　Siblings can be a source of challenge and competition and a basis for comparison of abilities, thus providing a context for identity formation.

　　兄弟姐妹可以使挑戰(zhàn)、競爭、能力較量的根源，從而為個人發(fā)展創(chuàng)造環(huán)境。

　　Because career development is a lifelong process, “family of origin development is a lifelong process”, “family of origin continues to have an influence through the life span”.

　　由于職業(yè)發(fā)展是一個終身的過程，(由于)“在出身家庭的成長是一個終身的過程”，(因此)“出身家庭對一個人的影響會持續(xù)一輩子”。

　　Understanding early family experiences and relationships can help adults identify barriers to their career progress.

　　了解早期的家庭經(jīng)歷和家庭關(guān)系有助于成年人發(fā)現(xiàn)影響職業(yè)發(fā)展的障礙。

　　The research reviewed here demonstrates the strong influence that parenting behavior and family functioning have on career development.

　　上文回顧的研究表明，父母的行為舉止和家庭的作用對個人的職業(yè)發(fā)展影響巨大。

　　The findings suggest that career counselors and career educators should

　　這些研究結(jié)果表明職業(yè)顧問和職業(yè)教育工作者應(yīng)該：

　　(1)shift the focus from the individual to the family system;

　　將重心/焦點從個人轉(zhuǎn)向家庭系統(tǒng);

　　(2) develop a new and richer view of parent involvement in schools;

　　發(fā)展新的更為豐富的理念，讓父母參與學校教育

　　(3) help families become more proactive;

　　協(xié)助家庭發(fā)揮積極主動的引導作用

　　and (4) consider ways of duplicating helpful types of family functioning in schools, especially for children whose families are not proactive.

　　設(shè)計方案，在學校中復(fù)制有益的家庭功能模式，尤其是針對那些其家庭沒有進行積極主動引導的孩子。

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