Direct questions/open-ended:

　　What/why/how/where/when

　　Closed questions :

　　Do you/did you

　　Delicate questions:

　　I was wondering if/ could I ask you/ would you mind telling me/if it's not indiscreet I'd like to know/might I ask/may I ask

　　Clarifying Questions 澄清問題

　　So you want to know about---/is it the figures that worry you/ when you say---do you mean---/If I've understood the question you want to know about---

　　Evading Questions 回避問題

　　That's not really my field---/ that's a bit outside the scope of today's topic/ I haven't got the precise information with me today/ that's not really for me to say/I'd need notice of that question to answer you in full/this is not really the place to discuss that matter/ perhaps that's a question for another meeting

　　Inviting Comments 鼓勵并聽取意見

　　Has anyone got any questions at this point?

　　Would anyone like to comment on that?

　　Does anyone disagree with my last point?

　　Can anyone confirm my experience?

　　If nobody has any questions then I'll move on

　　Interrupting 中斷

　　I'd like to discuss it further, but I think it's time to move on

　　Could I just stop you there---

　　If I might just add----

　　I'm sure we'd all agree, but perhaps we should get back to the main point

　　Transitions 過渡

　　If we could now turn to---/my next point is---/ what I want to do next is ---/ let's move on to---/that completes my analysis of---/so, now we are going to----

　　Reformulations 總結(jié)

　　If I might just go over that again---/so, in summary---/ just to remind you of the key facts/the main points/ the advantages of---/my main arguments were---

　　Closing 結(jié)束

　　Thank you for listening to me today

　　I hope you have found my presentation useful

　　Thank you for your attention

　　☆ Questioning Techniques 提問技巧

　　Reasons for asking questions:

　　To obtain information

　　To find out the opinions of other people

　　To ask other people to contribute ideas

　　To find out the reasons behind events

　　To seek confirmation

　　The status of the questioner

　　The questioner may have an official need to ask questions - work-role, legal power, etc., or the questioner may have an entirely personal curiosity to satisfy. If the role is official, the questioner needs to choose the questioning style with care in order to produce the required results. Questioning can be quite a threatening activity in some circumstances. For example, if the questioner wants information , then the person who has that information may feel that s/he is being asked to give up something that represents an advantage. If the questioner is merely curious in a social setting , then the important point is the level of delicacy of the question. In most cultures, very personal details such as how much money we earn is too private to form the subject of questions by others.

　　Choices of question style

　　Closed v. open

　　Closed questions permit only 'yes'/'no' answers. They may therefore be more threatening than open questions because they leave no room for expansion or explanation. The questioner needs to decide if it would be more tactful to ask:

　　Have you finished that report yet?

　　Or

　　How are you getting on with that report?

　　The first question implies that the report is now due; the second merely asks for a progress statement. The open question allows the respondent to elaborate and does not have overtones of authority.

　　Wh- type questions

　　Questions starting with question words: what, when, why, who, how, are open questions but they are also very direct. Too many questions like this have the flavour of an interrogation and may make the person being questioned feel uncomfortable. It may be necessary to preface the questions with phrases that show the questioner is aware of the intrusiveness of the question:

　　May I ask you…

　　Could you tell me…

　　Would you mind telling me…

　　I wonder if I could ask you….

　　I would be interested in knowing…

　　If it's not indiscreet, may I ask ….

　　I know it's not really my business, but….

　　Facilitative styles of asking questions

　　If the intention of the questioner is really to prompt the interlocutor in disclosing information freely, then question techniques may not be appropriate at all. Instead it might be better to echo and to reformulate in order to give the interlocutor the opportunity to expand.

　　Illustrative dialogue

　　A. Well, I live in a flat in a rather poor part of town.

　　B. Poor part of town…?

　　A. Yes, it's quite dirty and the streets are badly lit. That's why I don't like going out alone at night.

　　B. So you're frightened to go out alone?

　　A. Well, yes because we hear of attacks and muggings. That's why I want to leave.

　　In this dialogue, speaker B doesn't try to take the initiative, but merely echoes and reformulates to prompt speaker A to say what worries her.